APUSH chapters 26-28

Battle of Midway 1942

• enormous battle

• US victorious, despite great losses

• destroyed 4 Japanese aircraft, while losing one

• gained control of central pacific

WW2 effects on the US

• ended the Depression

• federal spending increased drastically

• shortage of consumer goods = increased savings

• because of all the people in the war, there was an increased demand for labor

Union

• union membership increased

• Little Steel formula: set 15% limit on wartime wage increase

• “no strike pledge”: unions agreed to not stop production in war time

• government wanted to prevent inflation and keep production moving

• Smith-Connally Act: required unions to wait 30 days before striking, started because of United Mine Workers

• War Labor Board: mediate labor disputes, prevent strikes, and ensure uninterrupted war production.

War Production Board

• “superagency”

• never had as much authority as WW1 equivalent

• never satisfied complaints of small buisnesses

• purpose was to have broad economic powers

Technology during the war

• car assembly lines turned into military assembly lins

• radar and sonar helped Alliied naval forces decimate German U. boats

• “centimetric radar” used narrow beams of short wavelength

• Ultra: dedicated to breaking Enigma ciphers, Britain

• Magic: broke Jap. code PURPLE, American

Office of Price Administration

• purpose: enforce provisions of the Anti-Inflation Act

• inflation was less of a problem than it was in WW1

Fair Employment Practices Commission

• African Americans generally supported the war, for they hoped for more rights

• A. Philip Randolph demanded gov. required companies receiving defense contracts to integrate their workforce

• planned March on Washington, FDR got him to cancel in return for FEPC

• investigate discrimination in war industries, limited effectiveness

Code Talkers

• in military communications, Native Americans spoke their own language

Mexican Americans 1943

• Baracero program: Mexican workers came to the US

• Wartime agreement between the US and Mexico to import farm workers to meet a perceived manpower shortage, the agreement was in effect from 1941 to 1942

• Zoot Suit Riot: conflict bewteeen Americans and young mexicans for their extra fabrics

Women during the war

• number of women in workforce increased by 60%, women were 1/3 of paid workers in 1945

• more likely to be married or older

• Rosie the Riveter: symbolized all women who worked in defense plants and other industries during WW2

• women joined unions

children during the war

• “latchkey children”: left @ home alone while men were @ war and women were @ work

• 1/3 of all teens were employed late in the war

• 1946: men came home from war and started families. start of the baby boom

Executive Order 9066 1942

• relocation of Japanese from the West Coast

• FDR

• Korematsu v. U. S. (1941) – Upheld the constitutionality of detention camps for Japanese-Americans during WWII.

• Internment: Detaining enemy aliens during wartime; term specifically applied to Japanese aliens and Japanese-Americans living on the West Coast (and elsewhere in the U. S.) Who were sent to relocation centers (Manzanar, Topaz, etc.) In 1942 allegedly because of possible disloyalty

D-Day 1944

• 3 million troops

• along the 60 miles of the Cotentin Penninsula on the coast of Normandy

• Dwight Eisenhower

manhattan project 1942-1946

• led by robert Oppenheimer

• developed the first atomic bomb

• Truman wanted to save more American lives, belived this was the way

VOCAB

• blitzkrieg: German term meaning "lightning war"; term applied to the rapid German military advance into Poland, Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Netherlands, and France in 1939 and 1940.

• Europe First: Military strat. adopted by the US that required concentrating on the defeat of Germany while maintaining a holding action against Japan in the Pacific

• Final Solution: Plan for the exterm ination of the Jewish population in Nazi-occupied Europe; a total of six million Jews were killed in death camps such as those established at Auschwitz, Belzec, Majdanek, Sobibor, and Treblinka.

• Kamikaze: Japanese suicide planes against American and B. ships

• Merchants of Death: Term used by Senator Gerald P. Nye to describe the munitions-makers whom he blamed for forcing the United States into World War l. Nye headed a committee that investigated the industry from 1934 to 1936.

• Second front: British and American invasion of France to relieve pressure on the Soviet Union in the east; Stalin had insisted on opening the second front from June 1941, but the invasion of Normandy (Operation Overlord) did not take place until June 1944.

• Sphere of Influence: an area in which a nation seeks to be dominant by securing preferential treatment of a political, economic, and social nature

• Victory gardens: plots of land set aside by Americans during WW1 and 2 for the cultivation of vegetables so as to limit the purchase of produce in stores

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

• H: August 6th, more than 80 died

• N: at first, Japanese government was unable to agree to a response

• August 8th - Soviet Union declared war on Japan

  • Aug 9th, the bomb was dropped and 100k died

  • september 2nd, Japan surrendered

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Teheran Conference 1943

• Roosevelt and Churchill and Stalin

• FDR and Stalin established cordial relationship

• Stalin → Soviet Union enter the war in the Pacific

• FDR → an Anglo American second front would b established in 6 months

• FDR and churchill supported claims of the Polish gov- in exile

• Stalin wished to install another pro-communist exiled gov

• left issue unresolved

Yalta Conference 1945

• last meeting of the “big three”

• Stalin agreed to free election in Eastern Europe

  • promised elections in Poland - never came true

• USSR would join the UN

• Germany would be divided into different zones

  • US, B. France, and Soviet Union would each control their each zone

Postdam Confernce 1945

• Japan given an ultimatum to surrender

• Truman hinter to Stalin about a new weapon

• Truman wanted to hold Stalin to agreements at Yalta, for he saw it as a pact

• Truman ordered the dropping of the atomic bomb on Japan.

• Established a Council of Foreign Ministers to draft peace treaties for the Balkans.

Containment

• George Kennan believed the Soviet threat of expansion should be contained

• American foreign policy adopted after World War 2 to restrain the expansion of the Soviet Union.

• It was based on the belief that the USSR does not take risks and would back down if faced with determined opposition.

• The policy was developed by Foreign Service officer George Kennan in 1947.

Truman Doctrine 1947

• form of containment

• In Turkey, Stalin was trying to win control over sea lanes

• In Greece, communist forces were threatening pro-Western gov

• gave $400 mil to strengthen the armed forces in Germany and Turkey

• established basis of US foreign policy

• Said that it is the responsibility of the United States to support free peoples resisting Communist domination.

Marshall Plan 1948

• provided economic assistance to all European nations

• over the next 3 years, the Marshall plan gave $12 billion to Europe, helping spark a substantial economic revival

National Security Act of 1947

• created new Department of Defense to oversee all branches of armed services

• Central Intelligence Agency (CIA): would replace the wartime Office of Strategic Services and would be responsible for collecting information

Berlin Blockade 1948

• Stalin imposed a tight blockade around Berlin

• Truman ordered a massive airlift to supply the city with food and goods

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

• 12 nations agreed that an armed attack against one member would be considered an attack against all

• first peace-time alliance in US History

• NATO countries would maintain a standing military force in Europe

• Warsaw pact: Soviet Union created this alliance with communist gov in Europe

NSC-68 1950

• argued the US couldnt rely on other natiosn when resisting communist

• moved to stop communist expansion

• called for increase in military power, 4x defense budget

• urged for a more aggressive foreign policy

Trumans “get tough” policy 1945

• Truman met with Soviet leader and scolded him for violations of Yalta accors

• Truman insisted that the US should get 85% of what it wanted, but was forced to settle for less

• Truman reluctantly accepted the adjustments of the Polish-German boarder that Stalin demanded

• refused to allow the russians to claim reparations from US, France, and B. zones of germany

GI bill 1944

• consumer demand was high, and there was little spending after WW2

• need for boost in economy → succeeded

• $6 billion tax cut

• provided economic and educational assistance to veterans

• 2 years of serious inflation 14%-15% annualy

• go to school free

Truman’s “Fair Deal”

• proposed more social security, increased minimum wage, national insurance, and more

• biggest success came in minimum wage and housing

• government involvement

Taft-Hartley Act 1947

• assult on Wagner Act

• made closed shop (where no one can be hired without first being in a union) illegal

• outraged workers and union leaders

• permitted union shops, but permitted states to pass “right to work laws” prohibiting that

• damaged unions

• passed over Truman’s veto

The Korean War 1950

• began when communist North Korea invaded pro-western half of Korean peninsula

• divided nation @ 38 parallel

• Truman saw the invasion as an act by the Soviet Union

House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) 1945

• held investigations to prove that under Democratic rule, the gov had allowed communist subversion

• Alger Hiss: high ranking member of State Department, a communist agent told the committee that His passed classified documents to the soviets. He was convicted of perjury and sentenced

• “Hollywood ten”: 10 screenwriters that refused to testify before HUAC, sentenced

• Joseph McCarthy: raised a paper and claimed to have a list of 205 known communists working in the US State Department

McCarran Internal Security Act 1950

• truman authorized sensitive agencies to fire “bad security risks”, by 1951, over 2k people resigned

• required all communist organizations to register with the government

• trumans loyalty program: Truman issued an executive order for federal employees to take a loyalty oath

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Post ww2 economic miracle

• unemployment remained @ 5%, inflation 3%

• government spending: gov gave $100 billion to interstate highway system

• 85% of homes in suburbs → increased home and automobile purchases

• baby boomers created consumer demand

The Space Race

• Sputnik, 1957: federal policy began encouraging improving scientific education as a result to the Soviet Union launching

Federal Highway Act of 1958

• created more than 40k miles of highways

• largest government works project

• would be beneficial incase of a nuclear evacuation

Impact of Highways

• encourages suburbs

• railroad industry negatively affected

• hotel and motel industry increased

• growth of fast food industries

AFL-CIO 1955

• ended 20 year rivalry and merged

• in the past, the CIO leaders believed AFL was dominating relationship

• AFL leaders believed CIO was radical

The Beat Generation

• group of rebellious young poets, writers, and artists

• harsh critiques of “sterility and conformity of American life”

• against consumer culture

• On The Road

The Other America

• author, Micheal Harrington, told of the continuing existence of poverty in America

• in 1960, more than 1/5 of all American families lived below the poverty line

• influenced LBJ’s “Great Society”

Brown v. Board 1954

• overturned Plessy v. Ferguson- “seperate but equal"

• schools must be desegregated with “all deliberate speed”

Massive Resistance

• more than 100 southerners in Congress signed a “manifesto” denouncing the Brown decision

• governors, mayors, local school boards worked to obstruct desegregation

Secretary of State John Foster Dulles

• us would respond to communist threats by nuclear weapons

• Dulle’s indication for tense confrontations

• “brinksmanship”: pushing the Soviet Union to the brink of war

• The policy associated with Secretary of State John Foster Dulles that stressed that Soviet aggression would be met by massive nuclear retaliation; Dulles was opposed to simply "containing" the USSR and wanted to liberate the countries under Soviet control.

Eisenhower Doctrine

• fear that communism could progress to Middle East countries because of oil

• president could provide military and economic aid to nations resisting communism

Suez Crisis 1956

• Egyptian President Hasser nationalized the Suez Canal

• B and France landed troops in Suez to drive Egyptians from the canal

• Duelle and Esienhower feared it would lead to war

• by refusing to join, the US pressured B and F to withdrawl and helped to a truce with Egypt

U-2 incident 1960

• Eisenhower warned “military industrial”

• The US and SU planned a series of planned summits

• USSR shot down a US spy plane

• Khrushcheb canclled further summits