Lipid Metabolism practice flashcards

Fill-in-the-blank practice flashcards covering lipid degradation, biosynthesis, transport particles, and clinical metabolic conditions.

In the lumen of the small intestine, triacylglycerols (TAGs) are broken down into fatty acids (FAs) and ________ before being transported into enterocytes.

monoacylglycerols (MAG)

During dietary absorption, TAGs are packaged with cholesterol into specialized transport particles called ________.

chylomicrons

The breakdown of triacylglycerols when fatty acids are needed as fuel is hormonally triggered by ________ and epinephrine.

glucagon

During the signaling cascade for lipolysis, Adenylate cyclase converts $ATP$ into the second messenger ________.

$$cAMP$$

Protein Kinase A (PKA) phosphorylates ________ to release a coactivator for Adipose Triglyceride Lipase (ATGL).

Perilipin

The enzyme ________ converts Diacylglycerol (DAG) to Monoacylglycerol (MAG).

Hormone-Sensitive Lipase (HSL)

Free fatty acids released into the bloodstream are carried by the transport protein ________.

Albumin

Fatty acid activation occurs in the outer mitochondrial membrane and requires the equivalent of ________ molecules.

two $ATP$

The enzyme ________ converts Acyl-CoA to acylcarnitine to allow transport across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Carnitine Acyltransferase I (CATI)

The first step of the $\beta$-oxidation cycle involves oxidation by Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase and the reduction of $FAD$ to ________.

$$FADH_2$$

Step 2 of the $\beta$-oxidation cycle involves hydration by Enoyl-CoA Hydratase to form ________.

$\beta$-hydroxyacyl-CoA

In the fourth step of $\beta$-oxidation, a molecule of ________ is used to cleave $\beta$-ketoacyl-CoA.

Coenzyme A (CoA-SH)

The complete oxidation of a 16-carbon Palmitic acid ($16:0$) yields a net total of ________.

106 $ATP$

When there is an excess of Acetyl-CoA due to a lack of ________, the liver mitochondria produce ketone bodies.

Oxaloacetate (OAA)

The three species of ketone bodies produced during ketogenesis are Acetoacetate, Acetone, and ________.

$D-3$-Hydroxybutyrate

In fatty acid biosynthesis, Acetyl-CoA is transported from the mitochondria to the cytosol via the ________.

Citrate Shuttle

In the cytoplasm, the enzyme ________ generates $NADPH$ by converting Malate to Pyruvate.

Malic Enzyme

The enzyme ________ catalyzes the conversion of Acetyl-CoA to Malonyl-CoA, which is the activated donor for fatty acid synthesis.

Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (ACC)

Fatty Acid Synthase (FAS) works with ________, which contains a phosphopantetheine group.

Acyl Carrier Protein (ACP)

The primary functions of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) are the production of ________ for lipid synthesis and Ribose for nucleic acids.

$$NADPH$$

________ are the largest lipoproteins and are composed of 98% lipid, primarily distributing dietary TAGs to peripheral tissues.

Chylomicrons

The primary protein associated with High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL) is ________.

ApoA-I

In the development of atherosclerosis, macrophages that take up oxidized LDL become ________, which then accumulate to form plaque.

foam cells