Anatomy and Physiology 2 Dr. Brown Exam 3

intracellular compartment

63% of body fluids can be found here, intracellular fluid

extracellular compartment

37% of body fluids can be found here, extracellular fluid- transcellular fluid, lymph, plasma, interstitial fluid

Transcellular fluid

cerebral spinal fluid, saliva, gastric juice, aqueous humor, vitreous humor

Excretion

one way the body gets rid of excess water; done through urination and defecation

Dehydration

occurs when water intake is low

Hyponatremia

decrease in sodium in the blood

Electrolytes

regulated by intake of food, water, and metabolic byproducts; output through urine, sweat, and feces

pH

regulated by buffer systems, rise in pH= more basic, fall in pH= more acidic

Sources of H+ ions

aerobic respiration= carbonic acid

anaerobic respiration= lactic acid

Amino acid catabolism= acid ketones

Cysteine= sulfuric acid

Phosphoproteins and nucleic acids= phosphoric acid

Chemical Buffering System

Bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein

Physiological Buffering System

respiratory and renal

Bicarbonate Buffering System

H2CO3=H+ + HCO3

the pH is rising carbonic acid dissociates intoH+ + HCO3 , when pH is falling H+ + HCO3 forms into carbonic acid

Phosphate Buffering System

H2PO4=H+ +HPO4(2-)

Protein Buffering System

part of chemical buffering system

Parts of the kidney

cortex, capsule, medulla, pyramid, minor calyces, major calyces, pelvis, nephron

Capsule

layer of collagen fibers that covers organ, part of the kidney

Cortex

superficial portion, reddish brown, granular, part of the kidney

Medulla

extends from the renal sinus to the renal cortex, part of the kidney

Pyramid

conical structure extending from the cortex to the renal papilla, part of the kidney

Minor calyx

collects the urine produced by a single kidney lobe, part of the kidney

Major calyx

forms through the fusion of 4-5 minor calyces, part of the kidney

Pelvis

large, funnel shaped structure that collects urine from the major calyces, part of the kidney

Nephron

microscopic functional units of the kidney

Cortical nephrons

most numerous 85%

Juxtamedullary

15% of nephrons

Glomerulus

cluster of nerve endings, blood vessels

Renal Tubules

tubular passageway in the kidneys, proximal tubule- initial segment, absorbs nutrients; distal tubule- last segment, secrete/absorb

Nephron loop

middle segment of the renal tubule, establishes osmotic gradient that promotes reabsorption from tubular fluid

Collecting duct

carries tubular fluid through osmotic gradient in the renal medulla

Countercurrent mechanism

permits forming concentrated urine

Glomerular filtration

capillaries are fenestrated; hydrostatic pressure forces water, NPNS; electrolytes enter Bowman's capsule

rate: 125 mL/min, 7500 mL/hr, 180,000 L/day

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

point of contact between afferent arteriole and distal convoluted tubule, renin-angiotensin system

Macula densa

cells of distal tubule, detect low levels of electrolytes, in the juxtaglomerular apparatus

Juxtag cells

smooth muscle cells around arteriole, detect stretching of afferent arteriole walls, in the juxtaglomerular apparatus

Renin

plasma protein angiostensinogen converted to angiotensin 1 in the blood

Angiotensinogen

regulates blood pressure and fluid balance

Angiotensin 1

converts to angiotensin 2 with ACE

Angiotensin 2

increases thirst in hypothalamus, posterior pituitary releases ADH, cortex releases aldosterone, systemic vasoconstriction, constriction of afferent arterioles, decreases GFR

ACE

angiotensin-converting enzyme, converts angiotensin 1 into angiotensin 2

Urine

elimination of excess water and salt

Tubular reabsorption

moving things from filtrate back into blood (active transport/water osmosis)

Tubular secretion

substances from blood to filtrate

Renal clearance

rate that a chemical is removed from plasma (GF-TR+TS)

Micturition

ejection of urine from the bladder through the urethra

5 parts of respiration

-pulmonary ventilation- breathing

-external respiration- gas exchange in lungs

-transport of gases

-internal respiration- gas exchange on tissue level

-cellular respiration- in cells lined with ciliated mucous membrane

URO (upper respiratory organs)