BIO 202 Exam 3

invertebrate

no backbone

vertebrate

have a backbone

radial symmetry

body parts arranged in a center

bilateral symmetry

left and right side are mirror images

diploblastic

2 tissue layers

triploblastic

3 tissue layers

protostome

mouth develops first

deuterostome

anus forms first

sponges

• phylum Porifera

• lack symmetry or have radial

• lack tissues and organs, no muscles or nerves

• skeleton of spongin (collagen)

• have spicules and toxins for defense

• have choanocytes (collar cells) that line the body and move water and trap food particles

• filter-feeders

• sessile

cnidarians

• phylum Cnidaria

• diploblastic

• nematocysts

• radial symmetry

• nervous system - nerve net (no brain)

• 3 main groups: hydrozoans, true jellyfish, and corals and sea anemone

hydrozoans

• phylum Cnidaria

• ex. Hydra, Obelia, Physalia

Hydra

• phylum Cnidaria

• freshwater

• no medusae

• polyp state dominant

• reproduces sexually and asexually in polyp form

Obelia

• phylum Cnidaria

• marine

• produces 2 polyps: one feeding, one reproduction

• tiny medusae produces gametes and reproduce sexually

Physalia

• phylum Cnidaria

• floating colony of specialized polyps

• painful sting

true jellyfish

• phylum Cnidaria

• ex. Aurelia

• tiny polyps and large medusae

• medusa is dominant stage

• have nematocysts

• members of plankton community

corals and sea anemones

• phylum Cnidaria

• lack medusae

• live only in polyp form

• coral secretes protective structures using CaCO₃, proteins, or both

• protective structures build up into coral reefs

• CaCO₃ corals - hard/stony

• protein corals - soft

• coral reefs provide habitat

flatworms

• phylum Platyhelminthes

• triploblastic

• acoelomate

• bilateral symmetry

• incomplete digestive system

• 2 types: parasitic and free-living

planarians

• phylum Platyhelminthes

• free-living (non-parasitic)

• feed by using a pharynx

• wraps itself around its prey, entangling it in slime, and pinning it down, then pharynx extends and sucks

• monoecious

• have ladder-like nervous system with nerve cords and simple brain

parasitic flatworms

• phylum Platyhelminthes

• flukes and tapeworms

• hooks and/or suckers for attachment

• increased reproductive ability

• flukes: Clonoris sinensis (Chinese liver fluke) and Schistosoma (blood fluke)

• tapeworms: human-beef and human-pork tapeworm (Taenia)

tegument

tough, protective outer covering that protects parasitic flatworms from the host’s immune system and resist digestion

definitive host

sexual reproduction occurs here

intermediate host

asexual reproduction occurs here

scolex

head for attachment, tiny

proglottids

body sections, contains reproductive structures

tapeworms

• phylum Platyhelminthes

• have scolex and proglottids

• ex. Taenia pisiformis

• lack digestive system and absorb nutrients through body surface

rotifers

• phylum Rotifera

• pseudocoelomate

• aquatic, mostly freshwater

• protostome

• parthenogenic

• ex. Philodina

parthenogenesis

reproduction without fertilization, allows rapid population growth. females produce diploid eggs that develop into females without males

mollusks

• phylum Molluska

• 3 part body: visceral mass, mantle, foot

• coelomate

• triploblastic

• bilateral symmetry

• dioecious

• 3 main types: bivalves, gastropods, cephalopods

• most have open circulatory system

bivalves

• phylum Molluska

• cephalization - low/none

• mobility - low

• feeding - filter-feeders

• have a 2-part shell

• ex. clams, mussels, scallops

gastropods

• phylum Molluska

• cephalization - medium

• mobility - medium

• feeding - mostly herbivores

• many have spiraled shell, ventral foot

• ex. snails, slugs

cephalopods

• phylum Molluska

• cephalization - high

• mobility - high

• feeding - carnivores

• have tentacles, big arms and eyes, smart

• ex. octopus, squid

trochophore larva

small, translucent, free-swimming, and pear-shaped larva characterized by bands of cilia used for swimming and feeding

segmented worms

• phylum Annelida

• true coelom

• triploblastic

• hydrostatic skeleton

• most have setae for movement

• 3 main types: oligochaetes, polychaetes, and leeches

oligochaetes

• phylum Annelida

• cephalization - medium

• # of setae - few (8 per segment), short

• feeding - detritivores

polychaetes

• phylum Annelida

• 2 types: active and sessile

• cephalization - high for carnivores, low for sessile

• # of setae - many and long

• feeding - carnivores or filter-feeder

• have parapodia - flashy appendages used for movement and gas exchange

active polychaetes

• phylum Annelida

• carnivores

• large jaws, well-developed head

• ex. Nereis

• high cephalization

sessile polychaetes

• phylum Annelida

• tube-dwellers

• low cephalization

• tentacles

• filter-feeders

• reduced parapodia

leeches

• phylum Annelida

• cephalization - medium

• # of setae - none

• feeding - scavengers, parasites, predators

• have a flattened body

• have suckers

roundworms

• phylum Nematoda

• triploblastic

• pseudocoelom

• many parasitic, others are free-living

arthropods

• phylum Arthropoda

• triploblastic

5 characteristics that contribute to arthropods success

1. exoskeleton - protects, prevents water loss, and allows for movement

2. segmentation - allows for specializations and modifications

3. nervous system - ventral nerve cord with ganglia with brain

4. respiratory organs - terrestrials have tracheae and aquatic have gill types

5. metamorphosis - separates juveniles from adults

What is the exoskeleton of an arthropod made of?

chitin

complete metamorphosis examples

honey bee and silk worm

incomplete metamorphosis examples

dragonfly, grasshopper, cicada

What are tracheae in arthropods and what is their function?

a tube that delivers oxygen to individual cells that allow them to breathe without lungs

What is a biramous appendage, and what group of arthropods has them?

they are appendages that branch into 2 parts and are found in crustaceans

examples of decapod crustaceans

crabs, lobsters, shrimp, crayfish

terrestrial crustacean example

rolly pollies

freshwater crustaceans examples

water flea (Daphnia), Copepod, ostracod (seed shrimp)

Describe the body and habitat of centipedes and millipedes

live in the dark, damp, leaf litter, or soil. both have head and trunk with many unspecialized legs and segments

centipedes characteristics

• 1 pair of legs per segment

• active and fast

• carnivores

• defense: speed and venom

millipedes characteristics

• 2 pairs of legs per segment

• inactive and slow

• detritivores

• defense: curl up and secrete toxin

three parts of an insect body

1. head - contains sense organs and mouthparts

2. thorax - 3 pairs of walking legs and may have wings

3. abdomen - contains most of the internal organs

traits that contribute to the success arthropods

• wings that slow dispersal to new habitats

• specializations

• complex behaviors like pheromones and sound

describe some of the important ecological roles filled by insects

pollination food web members, and scavengers

What are chelicerae, and what types of arthropods have them?

chelicerates have chelicerae, which are pincer-like head appendages

Differentiate the body of a chelicerate arthropod from that of an insect.

chelicerates have the fused head and thorax (called cephalothorax) and the abdomen. unlike insects, they don’t have antennae and they have 8 legs

different types of chelicerate arthropods

arachnids and Limulus

arachnid examples

ticks, mites, scorpions, harvestmen, and spiders

echinoderms

• phylum Echinodermata

• adults have radial symmetry

• larvae have bilateral symmetry

• dioecious

• deuterostome

• eucoelomate

what are ossicles

small CaCO₃ plates under skin, provides support and protection

5 main groups of echinoderms

crinoids (feather stars and sea lilies), sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins & sand dollars, sea cucumbers

What type of embryo development do chordates have?

deuterostome

Describe the four characteristics that a chordate animal must possess at some point in its life cycle.

notochord, dorsal hollow nerve, pharyngeal gill slits, post-anal tail

notochord

a dorsal rod for support, located just under the nerve cord and is usually replaced by the vertebrae

Chordate animals belong in what phylum?

phylum Chordata

What are the two groups of invertebrate chordates? Know the common names for each.

• cephalochordates (lancelets)

• urochordates (tunicates or sea squirts)

cephalochordates (lancelets)

• have all 4 characteristics as adults

• live in shallow, marine environments, often buried in sand

• filter feeders, water enters mouth - passes through pharyngeal gill slits and food is trapped

urochordates (tunicates or sea squirts)

• larvae have all 4 characteristics

• adults have only 1 characteristic - pharyngeal gill slits

• marine, attached to surfaces (sessile)

• filter feeders, use pharyngeal gill slits, water flows in through and out using siphons

Describe the basic defining characteristics of a vertebrate chordate

backbone replaces notochord, skull - protects the brain, endoskeleton (bone or cartilage) for movement and support, closed circulatory system, and have kidneys

jawless fish

• hagfish and lamprey

• lack jaws, scales, paired fins, and vertebrae

hagfish

• a jawless fish

• scavengers and feed on dead animals

lamprey

• jawless fish

• some are parasitic and attach and suck fluids

ammocoetes larva

lamprey larva, filter feeders and looks very different from adults

ectothermy

“cold blooded'“ - body temp depends on environment

• advantage - low energy use

• disadvantage - less active in cold

endothermy

“warm blooded'“ - maintain constant body temp

• advantage - active in many environments

• disadvantage - high energy required

Describe the external features of a cartilaginous fish

ventral mouth, fleshy fins, separate and exposed gill slits, tail with differently size (heterocercal), tooth-like placoids teeth are modified scales

different types of cartilaginous fish

• sharks - streamlined, strong predators, speed, tearing prey

• ray and skates - flattened bodies, bottom-dwelling, feed on mollusks

fin of ray-finned bony fish

fins supported by thin rays

fin of lobe-finned fish

fleshy, muscular with bones

What living fish have lobed fins?

lungfish and coelacanth

limbs in amphibians

usually 4 limbs

skin in amphibians

moist, no scales

heart in amphibians

three chambers

temperature regulation in amphibians

ectothermic

Describe the life cycle of a typical amphibian.

eggs laid in water → larva → metamorphosis → adult

larva use gills, adults use lungs/skin

characteristics of salamanders/newts

• have tail

• 4 legs

• unspecialized body

characteristics of frogs/toads

• no tail

• 4 legs

• large hind legs for jumping

characteristics of caecilians

• no tail

• no legs

• blind burrows

ways in which reptiles are better adapted for land than the amphibians

• have 4 limbs with clawed feet set under body that are stronger for movement on land

• keratin scales to retain water

• larger lungs with more surface area and ribcage with muscles to to expand lungs

• 3 or 4 chambered heart

• efficient kidneys secrete uric acid

• ectothermic (less energy required)

• lay amniotic eggs that can survive on land

What is an amniotic egg?

an amniotic egg is an egg that allows embryos to develop outside of water, protects them from drying out.

what is the layer closest to the embryo in an amniotic egg

amnion and it protects the embryo

distinguishing characteristics of turtles

sternum and ribcage fused to form to hard shell and have a toothless beak

distinguishing characteristics of lizards

basic body type, 4 limbs and a tail

distinguishing characteristics of snakes

no limbs, eyelids, or external ears. have expandable lower jar

distinguishing characteristics of crocodilians

mostly freshwater, predators, parental care, 4 chambered heart

skeleton system of birds adapted for flight

• pneumatic bones with air spaces and struts

• keeled sternum - for muscle attachments

• many neck vertebrae for head flexibility

reproductive system of birds adapted for flight

• seasonal growth and shrinkage of gonads

• females only heave left ovary functional

respiratory system of birds adapted for flight

• air sacs attached to lungs

• blood oxygenated during inhalation and exhalation which is efficient

feathers of birds adapted for flight

modified scales, provides lift and thrust, endothermic, colors allow for communication and concealment