STM 007 GEN BIO

epithelial tissue

Covers the body’s internal and external surfaces and surface of the skin, airways, the reproductive tracts and inner lining of the digestive tract. and it Functions for protection, absorptions and secretion mostly found in skin

muscular tissue

Specialized cells that have a primary function of contraction and Coordinated contraction results in movement

Simple squamous epithelium

Single layer of flat cells and Found in the linings of lungs, blood vessel and capillary walls and it Function is allows passage of materials by diffusion

Simple cuboidal epithelium

each cell has spherical nucleus in the center and Commonly found in kidney tubules,ducts and small glands and surface of the ovary

Simple columnar epithelium

Some are specialized for sensory perception such as nose, ears and taste buds of the tongue and forms the lining of stomach and intestine

Ciliated epithelium

Made up of cells either cuboidal or columnar with hair-like outgrowths called cilia Found in air passages like the nose, in the uterus and in the fallopian tube

Connective tissue

Bind together various parts of the body, to give form and support the body and Forms rigid structures capable of resisting pressure and shocks

dense connective tissue

Contains tightly packed collagen fibers, found in tendons and ligaments, making it stronger.

Adipose or fat tissue

This tissue type is specialized for fat storage and provides insulation, cushioning and energy reserves. it is commonly found beneath the skin and around internal organs

Hyaline cartilage

Found in the particular ends of long bones, ventral ends of the ribs, nose, larynx, trachea and bronchi providing smooth surfaces for movement and support.

bone or osseous tissue

Dense organic matrix chiefly of collagen with mineral deposits of calcium carbonate and tricalcium phosphate provides structural support, protection, and facilitates movement; composed of compact and spongy types.

Red blood cell

Responsible in transporting oxygen and carry waste materials within the bod, cells without nuclei

White blood cell

Part of the immune system, involved in defending the body against pathogens.

platelets

reponses to stop the bleeding and to form the site of the developing blood clot, or thrombus and responsible in blood cutting

Simple tissue

This includes the lining of most of the body's cavities, such as blood vessels, and the lining of a female ovary.

Loose or areolar connective tissue

It fastens down the skin down various membranes, bind muscle together, blood vessels and nerves.

Voluntary muscle

Found outside of the skeleton and are under control of the will

Involuntary muscle

Produce movements over which we have no control

stratified tissue

can be found in the lining of the esophagus, as well as the lining of the urethra and bladder.

striated muscle

made up of long filamentous fibers with many elongated nuclei in the sarcolemma

smooth or visceral muscle

made up of spindle-shape cell and its found in the wall of visceral organs

lacunae

small spaces where the bone cells are found and the canaliculi are fine radiating

Vascular tissue or blood

A liquid connective tissue involved in the transport of nutrients, gases, hormones, and waste products throughout the body.

Nervous tissue

This type of tissue is responsible for transmitting electrical impulses throughout the body. it is crucial for coordinating body functions and responses to stimuli

Axon

carries impulses away from the cell body

botany

the branch of science that deals with plants

botanist

the person who studies plant structure and function

histology

the science that deals with tissues

histologist

the person who studies tissues

protective tissue

Covers the surface of the leaves and the living cells of the roots and stems.

epidermis

protective tissue that covers the entire surface of the plant

periderm

replaces the epidermis in plants that undergo secondary growth. it help to prevents water loss and protects the plants from pathogens

Meristematic tissue

Tissues where cells are constantly dividing and region that produce new cells.

apical meristems

give rise to the primary plant body and are responsible for the increasing length of the roots and shoots

lateral meristem

Responsible for the secondary growth in plants, increasing the girth or thickness of stems and roots. Includes vascular cambium and cork cambium.

intercalary meristem

Found in grasses and related plants, this meristematic tissue is responsible for the regrowth of cut grass and is located at the nodes

Mechanical or ground tissues

Tissues responsible for synthesizing organic compounds, providing structural support, and storing nutrients in plants.

parenchyma cell

the Most abundant of the cell types and Found in almost all major parts of higher plants

collenchyma cell

found just beneath the epidermis and generally, main distinguishing difference from parenchyma cells is the increased thickness of their walls.

Sclerenchyma tissue

Cells that has thick tough secondary walls that are imbedded with lignin.

sclereids

randomly distributed throughout other tissues sometimes called stone cell

Fibers

found in association with the variety of tissues in roots, leaves and fruits. much longer than they are wide and have a very tiny cavity in the center of the cell.

xylem

This tissues is responsible for conducting water and minerals from the roots to other plants organs.

Phloem

tissues that Conduct metabolites, amino acids and sugars from metabolite sources to metabolite sinks

stomata

microscopic pore on the surface of epidermis of land plants

trichomes

These are cutinized epidermal appendages found on leaves, stems, flowers, and fruits, functioning in protection and water evaporation prevention.

cytology

It is branch of science that deals the structures an function of cells.

Cell division

accomplishes the increase in the number of cells.

cell cycle

an orderly sequence of events that describes the stages of a cell’s life from the division of a single parent cell to the production of two new cells daughter cells.

interphase

The longest phase in the cell cycle where DNA replication, centriole division, and protein production occur.

Mitosis

cell division which results in two identical daughter cells from a single parent cell.

Prophase

marked by the condensation of chromosome to form visibly distinct chromosomes.

Chromosome

are structures within the nucleus that are made up of DNA, the genetic material of an organisms.

Metaphase

the alignment of chromosomes at the middle in plane

Anaphase

the centromeres divide and the two sister chromatids move toward the opposite poles of the spindle.

telophase

starts when the chromosomes reach their spindle poles.

Cytokinesis

process of the division of the cytoplasm.

Cellular modification

specialized processes or modifications re-acquired by the cell after cell division where the newly formed cells are structurally modified so they can perform their function efficiently and effectively.

Microvilli

a plasma membrane cell that increases the surface area of eukaryotic cells. and the function of these is absorption, secretion, cellular adhesion, and mechano-transduction

Cilia

Tail-like projections that prevent dust accumulation in breathing tubes and Found in trachea, fallopian tubes, and as olfactory sensors in the nose.

stereo cilia

basically an apical modification of the cell. mechano-sensing organelles of hair cells

muscle

contraction and when this contraction is coordinated, it results in movement.

Root hair cell

are specialized to perform a specific function. Their structure allows the plant to absorb more water. They also allow a plant to take in the minerals it needs to survive.

Trichomes

cellular or multicellular hair like outgrowths of the epidermis. they occur frequently on stems, leaves, and reproductive organs. it reduce evaporation by covering stomata opening

Guard cell

paired, sausage shape cell flanking stoma, a mouth-shaped epidermal opening.

Meiosis

is a type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that reduces the number of chromosomes in gametes

Meiosis 1

the reductional cell division, the chromosomes number is reduced by half

Meiosis 2

the equational cell division similar to mitosis which maintains the chromosomes number of organism

Prophase 1

the chromosomes have already duplicated.

Metaphase 1

Paired of homologous chromosomes align at the metaphase plate

Anaphase 1

Homologous chromosomes separate and proceeds at the opposite pole

Prophase 2

The nuclear envelope disintegrates Formation of spindle fiber

metaphase 2

each of daughter cells complete the formation of spindle apparatus

anaphase 2

The centromere separates, and the two chromatids move to opposite poles on the spindle

telophase 2

a nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosome

Cytokinesis

division of cytoplasm in cells.

Motile cilia

Used to move cells throughout certain parts of the organisms mostly animal

Non-motile cilia

Usually found in the eyes and the nose to trap dirt and other object

S phase

DNA replication, producing two similar daughter cells.

Gap 2

Where cell continue to grow and produce new proteins

Gap 1

Cell growth, RNA production, protein synthesis and ensure that everything is ready for DNA synthesis

Gap 0

times when a cell will leave the cycle and quit dividing it means that if the cell does not receive “go-ahead” signal

Muscle fiber

Long cells in muscle tissue responsible for contraction

Cardiac muscle

This tissues is located in the walls of the heart and is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body

Skeletal muscle

Striated muscle attached to bones, involved in voluntary movement

Smooth muscle

Non-striated muscle found in the walls of internal organs, responsible for involuntary movements like digestion.

Extracellular Matrix

Non-living material in connective tissue composed of protein fibers and ground substance, providing structural support and strength.

haversian system

Providing channels for bloods vessels and nerve to pass from the outermost periosteum to the inner narrow cavity

Chlorenchyma

These cells are involved in photosynthesis and are often found in the leaves, containing many chloroplasts

aerenchyma tissue

Loosely packed together with connected air spaces such as water lilies