Vertebrate Anatomy Exam 2

All Exam 2 questions and answers

Which portion of the vertebra includes the pedicle and lamina?

neural arch

What is the term for the hemal arches of mammals?

chevron bones

Which vertebral process serves as the point of articulation with the tuberculum of the rib?

zygapophysis

Which class of vertebrates have portions of their vertebrae arise both endochondrally and intramembranously?

osteichthyes

Which type of ossification gives rise to the vertebrae in chondrichthyes?

neither endochondral or intramembranous

What is the definition of diplosondyly?

two vertebrae per body segment

What class of vertebrates have a “vertebral column” consisting of lateral neural plate cartilages resting on an unrestricted notochord?

agnatha

What was the term used to describe the vertebra of the earliest tetrapods? (“many pieces”)

rhachitomous

Which portion of the early tetrapod vertebra became the centrum in amniotes?

pleurocentrum

Which type of vertebrae are concave ONLY on the caudal aspect?

opisthocelous

Which type of vertebrae is found in mammals?

acelous

Which class of tetrapod have only one cervical vertebra?

amphibia

How many sacral vertebrae are found in the skeletons of amphibians?

1

What is the term for the reduced caudal vertebrae in humans and apes?

coccyx

What is the avian structure that’s composed of the last thoracic vertebrae, the lumbar vertebrae, the sacral vertebrae, and the first few caudal vertebrae? (fuses to the pelvis)

synsacrum

Which regional class of vertebrae in mammals has mammillary and accessory processes?

lumbar

Which regional class of vertebrae in mammals will have the transverse processes fuse to give the lateral mass?

sacral

Which regional class of vertebrae has hemal arches?

caudal

Which type of ossification gives rise to the gastralia of some reptiles?

intramembranous

What is the term for “two headed” ribs such as seen in urodeles?

biccipital

What is the term for the cartilages which connect the ribs to the sternum in some vertebrates?

costal cartilages

Which class of vertebrates will have a carina associated with the sternum?

aves

What portion of the mammalian sternum is the last to ossify?

xiphoid process

What is the term for the fused sternebrae of certain primates and cetaceans?

gladius

Which type of ossification results in the formation of the bones of the dermatocranium?

intramembranous

Which type of ossification results in the formation of the bones of the splanchnocranium?

endochondral

What are the paired structures of the developing neurocranium that are located parallel to the notochord?

parachordal cartilages

What are the paired structures of the developing neurocranium that will grow together to form the ethmoid plate?

prechordal cartilages

Which sensory capsules never fuse to the neurocranium during development?

optic

What makes up the roof of the neurocranium in Agnathans?

fibrous connective tissue

What makes up the roof of the neurocranium in chondrichthyes?

hyaline cartilage

Which occipital ossification center forms lateral to the foramen magnum?

exoccipital

Which bone has the pterygoid process and hamulus in mammals for anchoring the soft palate?

alisphenoid

Which bone was the first auditory ossicle to evolve in tetrapods?

stapes

Which subclass of bones of the dermatocranium will ensheath the palatopterygoquadrate?

Marginal bones

Which subclass of bones of the dermatocranium form the cranial vault?

dermal bones

What is the name of the embryonic cartilage that is ensheathed by the dentary during mammalian development?

Meckel’s

What is the class of jawed vertebrates that have palatal vacuities in the neurocranial-dermatocranial complex to accommodate their eyes when swallowing?

amphibia

how many occipital condyles are found in aves?

1

Which class of reptilian skull has two pairs of temporal fossae?

diapsid

Which class of reptilian skull is found in aves, squamates, and crocodilians?

diapsid

Which class of vertebrates have a palatal fissure in the secondary palate?

aves

Which bone of the reptilian lower jaw articulates with the brain case?

articular

What is the name for the gill cartilage located immediately dorsal to the epibranchial cartilage in sharks?

pharyngobranchial

Which type of jaw suspension is where the palatopterygoquadrate cartilages are NOT attached to the neurocranium and the hyomandibula ALONE plays a role in jaw attachment?

hyostylic

Which type of jaw suspension is where the palatopterygoquadrate cartilages is attached to the neurocranium and the hyomandibula plays NO direct role in jaw attachment?

autostylic

Which bone of the reptilian jaw evolved into the malleus of the mammalian ear?

articular

Which cartilage of the human larynx evolved from the fifth visceral arch?

Cricoid

Which visceral arch gave rise to the body of the hyoid apparatus?

second arch

Which type of ossification gives rise to the cleithrum and clavicle of the pectoral girdle?

intramembranous

What is the major bone of the pectoral girdle in modern fishes?

cleithrum

Which of the following is a replacement bone of the pectoral girdle?

coracoid

What bone of the mammalian pectoral girdle has the coracoid become a process of?

scapula

what is the joint cavity that articulates with the femur?

acetabelum

What is the bone of the pelvis that does NOT make up a portion of the obturator foramen?

Ilium

What is the most anterior bone of the mammalian innominate?

pubic

Which bone of the innominate has the auricular surface?

Ilium

What is the subclass of dinosaurs that had a pelvic girdle which resembled that of birds?

Saurischia

What is the term for the fin rays of cartilaginous fishes?

ceratotrichia

What is the middle basalia in the pectoral fin of chondrichthyes?

mesopterygium

Which class of tail has a ventral lobe that is larger than the dorsal lobe and the notochord and vertebrae enter into the dorsal lobe?

Hypocercal

Which class of fish tail has both lobes being equal in size and the notochord and vertebrae enters deeply into the dorsal lobe?

homocercal

What is the general term for the portion of the vertebrate limb that is commonly called the “arm” or “thigh”?

propodium

What are the bones of the epipodium in the vertebrate hindlimb?

tibia and fibula

Which class of vertebrates has the tibiotarsus?

aves

What is the anatomical term for the ankle?

tarsus

What is the general term for the tarsal bone that articulates with the tibia?

tibiale

What is the mode of locomotion in mammals involving the toes striking the ground?

digitigrade

What is the term for the “odd-toed ungulates”?

perissodactyls

What is the term for the modified skin structure used for flight by bats and pterosaurs?

patagium

What is the anatomical term for the thumb?

Pollex

Which group of extant amphibians possess a prehallus?

anurans

What is the term for the fused wing elements in birds?

carpometacarpus

What are the components of the fin that gave rise to the bones of the propodium and epipodium of tetrapods?

basalia

which class of muscle tissue is striated and involuntary?

cardiac muscle

What is the function unit of a muscle cell?

sarcomere

What is the term for the connective tissue encasing each muscle fassicle?

perimysium

Which type of twitch fibers contract strongly but have little stamina?

fast twitch fibers

Which type of twitch fibers contain myoglobin?

slow twitch fibers

What is the term for the segments that form from somatic mesoderm during development?

somites

Which type of mesoderm will give rise to the branchiomeric/pharyngeal arch muscles?

paraxial mesoderm

What is the term for the muscle organ interaction where one muscle opposes/produces a movement opposite of another muscle?

antagonistic

What is the term for a movement that increases the angle between two bones?

extension

What is the term for the connective tissue partitions between adjacent myomeres in fishes?

myosepta

What is the term for the trunk muscles located ventral to the horizontal skeletogenous septum?

hypaxial

Which type of mesoderm will give rise to appendicular skeletal muscle organs?

somatic mesoderm

What is the dominant epaxial muscle in reptiles?

Iiliocostalis

What is the term for the portion of the longissimus dorsi that inserts on the occipital bone?

longissimus capitis

Which of the following is a hypaxial muscle?

longus colli

What muscle of fishes is homologous to the trapezius of tetrapods?

cucullaris

What is the mammalian muscle that is homologous to the reptilian coracobrachialis?

coracobrachialis

What muscle did the teres major develop as an outgrowth in mammals?

latissimus dorsi

Which muscle of the avian chest is the antagonist of the pectoralis?

supracoracoideus

What is the insertion of the iliofemoralis of reptiles?

ilium

what is the origin of the geniohyoid in mammals?

mandible

What is the muscle of sharks that is homologous to the mammalian mylohyoid?

intermandibularis

Which abdominal muscle has the fascicles running at a 90-degree angle to the midline of the body?

transversus abdominis

Which number visceral arch did the tensor tympani muscle of the mammalian middle ear evolve from?

the first arch

What is the largest gluteal muscle in the typical mammal?

gluteus medius

During limb development, which functional class of muscles will form on the ventral aspect of the limb?

flexors