11A

Political Presbyterians

Led by Denzil Holles, this moderate faction aimed for a negotiated settlement with the King after the First Civil War. They sought to establish a Presbyterian Church in England and disband the New Model Army.

Independents

Led by Oliver Cromwell and Henry Ireton, this radical faction fought for a complete victory over the Royalists. They advocated for religious freedom and limitations on the Crown's power, maintaining close ties with the New Model Army.

New Model Army (NMA)

Transformed into a powerful political force in 1647, the NMA resisted disbandment, demanded financial arrears, and sought indemnity for their actions during the Civil War. They formed the Army Council and presented the Heads of the Proposals for a post-war settlement.

The Newcastle Propositions

Offered to Charles I in 1646, these terms included establishing a Presbyterian Church, Parliament controlling the militia, and punishing Royalists. Charles' refusal led to his handover to Parliament by the Scottish Covenanters.

The Solemn Engagement of the Army

Signed in May 1647, this agreement by the NMA declared they would not disband until grievances were addressed and demanded the removal of the Presbyterian faction from Parliament.

The Heads of the Proposals

Drafted by Ireton and Cromwell in 1647, this plan for a post-war settlement included regular elections, parliamentary control over the military, and religious toleration. Charles I's rejection led to further tensions and the NMA's occupation of London.

Levellers

A group within the Army during the English Civil War advocating for popular sovereignty, extended suffrage, equality before the law, and religious tolerance.

Putney Debates

Discussions held in Putney in Oct-Nov 1647 where senior officers of the New Model Army defended The Heads of the Proposals against lower-ranking members supporting the Levellers’ An Agreement of the People.

Popular Sovereignty

The belief that all political power resides in the hands of the people.

An Agreement of the People

The alternative constitution proposed by the Levellers during the Putney Debates in 1647.

New Model Army

The professional army formed in 1645 during the English Civil War, known for its discipline and effectiveness in battle.

The Heads of the Proposals

The set of constitutional proposals put forward by the senior officers of the New Model Army during the Putney Debates in 1647.