World History Chapter 14--Pursuit of Power in Europe

absolute

unlimited and unrestrained

how did European rulers try to increase their royal authority

increasing control over nation’s finances, religion, and nobility; increasing the size of the army and developing a strong navy; increasing the size of the government bureaucracy and making it an instrument of their royal will; increasing the size of their territory

“divine right”

the assertion that a ruler was placed as authority by God

which two chief advisors secured the French power

Jules Mazarin and Cardinal Richelieu

Henry IV (Bourbon)

laid the foundation for absolutism in France and reduced the privileges of the nobility and increased government control of the economy; assassinated by a Catholic extremist in 1610

Cardinal Richelieu

Louis XIII’s chief minister who sought to increase royal power by targeting the Huguenots and weakening the great nobles; brought France into the Thirty Years’ War

the Thirty Years’ War

the last religious war fought in Europe; started when Bohemian nobles revolted against the Catholic emperor who had revoked their religious freedoms

Gustavus Adolphus

king of Sweden who rescued the Protestant cause by sending his troops against the Catholics until he was killed in battle, leading to France joining the war on the Protestant side

the Peace of Westphalia

the peace treaties that ended the Thirty Years’ War with the Protestant-French victory; recognized the independence of the Protestant provinces of the Netherlands and Swiss confederacy as well as more than three hundred independent German states, German princes would determine the religion of his territory

Louis XIV

the son of Louis XIII who ruled with Jules Mazarin

Jules Mazarin

the chief minister who controlled the French government and imposed new taxes, resulting in upheavals and revolts that eventually led to the Frondes

the Frondes

the series of revolts and riots against Mazarin

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

the new chief minister for Louis XIV who brought temporary fiscal order to France by tightening government control over the French economy, encouraging commercial activity and economic self-sufficiency

Versailles

Louis XIV’s grand palace where he showed his power and splendor

Louis XV

the great grandson of Louis XIV who succeeded the throne and managed to keep France out of war, reguilt its economy, but later nearly bankrupted the nation

Junkers

Prussian nobility who worked closely with the electors in governing the country and serving as officers in the Prussian army

Frederick William

the “Great Elector” who became the most powerful German prince (who elected the emperor); united Prussia, increased taxes, and expanded Prussia’s standing army

Frederick I

expanded the Prussian army further and became the “King in Prussia”

Frederick William I

firmly established Prussian absolutism and worked so hard in expanding the army that he didn’t want to fight with them

Frederick II

son of Frederick William I who fought with his father about military and music/French fashions, later became “the Great” and the greatest soldier of his day, tripled the size of the Prussian state, strengthened its economy by establishing a silk industry and stabilizing grain prices

Hohenzollern rulers (Prussia)

the Prussian rulers who built the nation into a first-class European power, giving it an advantage over Austria for control over German states

Habsburg rulers (Austria)

controlled a large amount of territory and held the title of Holy Roman emperor, but were unable to form a strong absolutist state because of the Roman Catholic church and nobility, its aggressive neighbors, and their lands were so scattered it was hard to unify them

Joseph II

emperor who tried to create an absolutist state in Austria, co-ruling with his mother Maria Theresa and working directly against the Roman Church after her death

Ivan IV “the Terrible”

became ruler of Russia after gaining independence from the Mongols, expanded Russian territory and built the St. Basil’s Cathedral in Moscow, murdered most of the Russian nobility and his own son, took the title of czar

Romanov family (Russia)

ended Russia’s turmoil after Ivan IV’s death and helped transform Russia into an absolutist state

Peter I “the Great”

czar of Russia who westernized and modernized Russia, forcing Western ways onto his people; expanded Russian territory in the Great Northern War against Sweden

Catherine II “the Great”

empress of Russia who was openly immoral and ambitious, murdered Peter III and allowed the nobles to retain their positions if they served the state; continued expanding Russia and transferred Roman church property to the government

James I

king of England who forced his people to conform to the Anglican Church and believed to rule by divine right, accidentally united his own opponents against him

Charles I

son of James I who repeatedly recalled and dismissed Parliament for not cooperating with him, then was forced to sign the Petition of Right by Parliament but tried to govern England without Parliament

Roundheads

the Puritans

Cavaliers

the Anglicans

Oliver Cromwell

led the Roundheads at the Battle of Naseby and defeated Charles, leading to the king’s surrender eleven months later; ruled England as “Lord Protector” by trial and error with the “Rump” and dissolved Parliament

the Protectorate

ruling by a written constitution (the Instrument of Government)

Charles II

the new king of England chosen by Richard (Cromwell’s son) who restarted the Stuart family of rulers (the Restoration)

the Restoration

the reestablishment of the Stuart monarchy

Habeas Corpus Act

the first act passed under Charles I which made it illegal for the government to arbitrarily hold someone in jail

James II

Charles II’s brother who was an ardent Roman Catholic and a firm believer in absolutism; overthrown by William the Orange in the Glorious Revolution

William the Orange

the Protestant leader of the Netherlands who overthrew James II with his wife Mary (who was also James II’s daughter) and became the joint rulers of England

the Glorious Revolution

the bloodless revolution in which Parliament dethroned James II with help from the Netherlands

the Bill of Rights

a document that limited royal power, established certain civil liberties, and forbade future kings or queens from being Roman Catholic

the Act of Settlement

an act passed by Parliament in 1701 that established its right to grant the English throne to whoever it wished, ending the “divine right” of English kings

cabinet government

began during the reign of Charles II, established the “cabinet” of close officials to aid the king

balance of power

nations formed alliances to prevent one nation from overpowering the others

the Grand Alliance

the alliance between the other European nations against France and Spain

the Treaty of Utrecht

ended the fighting of Queen Anne’s War in 1713 and allowed Philip to retain the throne of Spain as long as France and Spain did not unite again, Spain had to surrender its possessions in the Netherlands and the Mediterranean area to Austria, and granted Britain many Canadian provinces

the Pragmatic Sanction

a document that was designed to prevent Austria’s neighbors from taking advantage of Maria Theresa (Charles VI’s daughter), allowing her to rule in peace

the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)

the treaty that temporarily ended the conflict between the British and the French and restored the status quo ante bellum

status quo ante bellum

how things were before the war

the Diplomatic Revolution

the change in alliances; Austria allied with France to stop the Prussian expansion

the Seven Years’ War

the war between France + Austria and Prussia

William Pitt the Elder

British statesman who devised a plan to end the war by supplying Prussia with financial aid and using that nation to keep French troops occupied in Europe while they attempted to destroy the French sea power

the Treaty of Paris

the treaty between France, Britain, and Spain that gave France’s North American territory to Britain, its commercial holdings in India, and Spain lost Florida to Great Britain but received New Orleans and Louisiana