World Issues Grade 12 Final Review

World View

A way of seeing, interpreting, and understanding the world.

Socio- Economic Status

The social and economic position of an individual or group in relation to others, often influenced by income, education, and occupation.

Mainstream Media

Mass communication organizations owned by large corporations or operated by government

Alternative Media

Smaller outlets focused on alternate views

Values

Ideas considered important. Guide decision making

Subjective

interpretations based on personal feelings or opinions.

Objective

Judging reality based on observation, fact, and measurement

Bias

Favoring one view over another

SDGs

17 goals. Identify most pressing issues of humanity and include ways to respond.

Quality of life

Perception of position in life and general well-being

Sustainability

Ability to meet current and future needs

Wealth

Total value of assets - liabilities

Economic Development

Effort to increase economic activity in an area over a period of time. Increases standard and quality of life.

MEDC

More Economically Developed Country. Relatively higher level of economic activity

LEDC

Less Economically Developed Country. Relatively less economic activity

Second Agricultural Revolution

Revolution in Farming Methods

Rule of 70

Estimate for time needed for population to double

Global Village

World where all are linked by communication and participate in global market

HDI

Measure of country’s economic and social well-being

Social Development

Improvement in well-being. Measured by literacy, infant mortality, and life expectancy

Political Maturity

Measure of development based of democratic elements, protection and provision of rights and freedoms, and level of corruption

Dependency Measures

Describes populations reliant on others for essentials

Net Migration

Immigration rate - Emigration rate

Natural Increase Rate

Birth rate- Death Rate

Green Revolution

Increase in food production by developing high-yield, disease-resistant, and fast-growing varieties of crops

Neolithic Revolution

Transition from nomadic to sedentary lifestyles

Birth Dearth

Low total fertility rate causes population decline

Change by Diffusion

The spread of ideas and social norms through various forms of social interaction and the influence of mass media

Cornucopians

Believe carrying capacity will be increased by ability to find technological innovations

Demographic Transition

High birth and death rates become low birth and death rates

Demographic Trap

High birth rate, low death rate. Population increase results in strain of economy and social services

Early transition/ early expanding

Death rate drops dramatically, birth rate remains high

Feedback Loop

Cycle where outcome reinforces the causes of intitial condition

High Variant

Highest population projection to occur

International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD)

Conference to develop policies to help completion of demographic transition and economic development in countries

Late transition/ late expanding

Declining birth rate and relatively low death rate results in slowing population growth rate

Low Variant

Lowest population projection to occur

Malthusian

Population growth faster than food production. Result is famine, violence, population collapse.

Medium Variant

Most likely population projection

One-child Policy

Chinese government policy to reduce population growth rate

Population Control

Limiting population growth through measures like abortion, contraception, and sterilization

Population Implosion

Dramatic decline in population, increase in aging population. Fertility rate below 2.1

Post-Transition/ Low Expanding

Birth rate declines to about equal to the death rate. Both at low level

Pre-transition/ High stationary

High birth rate, infant mortality rate, and death rate

Structural Change Model

Government actions to cause people to change behaviour

Theory of Demographic Regulation

Over extended time period, society limits population

Access to Energy

Every individual can access and use energy required for survival

Anti-Retroviral Drugs

Treat retroviruses like HIV/AIDS

BRIC

Brazil, Russia, India, China. 4 major New Core countries

Chronic Hunger

Nutrition shortage over extended time period

Climate Change

Change in climate patterns

Colonialism

A country or group benefitting from the subjugation of another.

Biotechnology

Study that manipulates biological processes for agricultural and industrial purposes

Community Initiative

Actions of community to resolve a common issue

Concession Companies

Companies made by colonizers to trade in particular regions or products

Developmental Assistance

Money moving from MEDCs to LEDCs to improve the latter’s quality of life

Ecological Footprint

Measure of lifestyle’s effect on the environment. Amount of land required to sustain this lifestyle.

Economic Disparity

Some people or countries are much better off economically than others

Empowerment

Taking authority/ control over an aspect of another’s life

Extreme Poverty

Living on less than $1.90 USD/ day

Factory Farms

Large scale farms producing the highest output at the lowest cost

Corporate Farming

Large scale, opened by large companies

Carbon Neutral

Balancing carbon emissions with carbon savings

Biofuels

Produced from plant materials

Famine

Severe, short-term food shortage

Fossil Fuels

Resources formed from fossilized remains of ancient organisms

Genetically Modified Organisms

Species whose genetic structure has been altered to achieve desirable or beneficial traits.

Genuine Progress Indicator

Measurement of country’s well-being using economic, environmental, and social factors

Global 500

500 largest companies

Hydricity

Energy system based on hydrogen and electriity

Income Redistribution

Economic activity/ program intended to reduce income disparity

Keynesian Economics

Economic theory. Government should increase spending during economic slowdown

Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare

Measure of economic activity accounting for positive and negative values of sustainable and unsustainable activity

Living Planet Index

Measures state of global biodiversity in different ecosystems

Environmental Stewardship

Responsible use and protection of environment through conservation and sustainability

Malnutrition

Health is damaged by too little or much of essential nutrients

Food insecurity

Unreliable access to adequate food supply

Mercantile System

Country increases wealth through positive balance of trade. More exports than imports

Microcredit

Small loans to help the impoverished develop business to escape poverty

Monoculture

Single crop planted over a large area

Neo-colonialism

Modern colonialism using economic policies, trade policies, and cultural influence to control other countries

Non-tariff Barriers

Regulations protecting businesses from international competition

Neo-Liberalism

Adam Smith’s economic ideas

Official Developmental Assistance

Foreign aid from governments, directly or through international agencies

Organic Farming

Sustainable agriculture without pesticides, antibiotics, or GMOs

Overnutrition

Amount of nutrients exceeds requirements

Private Developmental Assistance

Foreign aid provided by NGOs and individuals

Progressive Taxation

Tax rates based upon income

Remittance

Money sent from migrant to family in homeland

R/P Ratio

Measure of supply of non-renewable resources

Socially Responsible Investing

Seeks financial return while benefitting society and environment

Starvation

Extreme hunger over extended period of time

Undernutrition

Shortage of essential nutrients