Second Semester Exam Review: Chapters 4-9

Vocabulary-style flashcards based on lecture notes reviewing US and South Carolina history from expansionism and the Civil War to the late 20th-century political landscape.

Nationalism

An intense pride or patriotism for one's country; in the early 1800s it meant putting the nation's needs above local or regional needs.

Sectionalism

An intense focus on local or regional issues; the restriction of interest from a national to a regional sphere.

Missouri Compromise

The first territory purchase in Louisiana where the North was mostly Free and the South contained slave states; Missouri's status was decided through popular sovereignty (people's choice).

Jacksonian Democracy

A period where more white men were allowed to vote and supported Andrew Jackson, who was seen as a common man and hero of the Battle of New Orleans. It aimed to reduce the size and power of wealthy people.

Nullification

The act of ignoring a law; specifically related to John C. Calhoun wanting to nullify tariffs passed by Congress, while Jackson wanted to hold the Union together.

Trail of Tears

The forced relocation of Cherokee tribes who walked for $116$ days over $1,000$ miles to an infertile reservation, facing disease and starvation which resulted in thousands of deaths.

Manifest Destiny

The belief held by Democratic President James K. Polk in $1845$ that the US was destined to expand from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean.

Secessionists (Fire-caters)

A group that strongly believed South Carolina should secede from the Union.

Election of 1860

Election where Republican Abraham Lincoln won the popular vote by $40$, defeating Northern Democrat Stephen Douglas, Southern Democrat John B. Breckinridge, and John Bell.

Fort Sumter

The site in Charleston where the first shots of the Civil War were fired on April $12$, $1861$. Union-held fort fired upon by Confederates.

The Confederate States of America

The Southern states that seceded from the Union: Texas, Arkansas, Tennessee, Virginia, NC, SC, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana.

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued in January $1863$ by Lincoln, it freed all enslaved people in Confederate territories and allowed them to fight in the Union Army.

Appomatox Court House

The location in Virginia where General Lee surrendered to General Grant on April $9$, $1865$, effectively ending the Civil War.

Harriet Tubman

Born into slavery in Maryland, she escaped and freed others via the Underground Railroad; she also worked for the Union as a nurse, cook, scout, and spy, and was involved in the Combahee River Raid.

Black Codes

Laws that restricted the rights of freedmen and controlled Black labor, including defining a Black person as having at least $\frac{1}{8}$ African American blood and allowing arrests for vagrancy.

13th Amendment

The Civil War amendment that abolished slavery.

14th Amendment

The amendment that guaranteed civil rights and citizenship to everyone born or naturalized in the US.

15th Amendment

The amendment ensuring the right to vote for citizens could not be taken away based on race or color.

54th MA. Regiment

One of the first African American Regiments in the Civil War; they fought at the Battle of Fort Wagner and proved the loyalty and skill of Black soldiers.

Sharecropping

A cycle of debt where laborers didn't own equipment and the landowner took $\frac{1}{3}$ to $\frac{3}{4}$ of the crop at harvest.

Compromise of 1877

An agreement where Democrats elected Hayes in exchange for the withdrawal of US troops from the South, effectively ending Reconstruction.

The New South

An effort to diversify the Southern economy from cotton by including industry and trade alongside agriculture.

The Gilded Age

A term coined by Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner to describe an era where wealthy elites hid the true, impoverished condition of the nation with a thin cover of gold.

Second Industrial Revolution

A period of "big business" where the US became the world's biggest manufacturer, featuring a textile boom and the expansion of railroads.

Bourbon Democrats

Leaders who worked to take away Black voting rights and re-made social systems to divide races.

Jim Crow Laws

Segregation laws including separate schools for Black and white children and the Separate Car Act of $1890$.

Ben Tillman

A populist farmer from Edgefield County who took part in the Hamburg Massage and became governor; he helped establish Clemson for agricultural education but disenfranchised Black voters.

Dispensary in SC

A late $19$th-century method to control alcohol sales created by Tillman to avoid full prohibition while controlling the liquor trade.

Morrill Land Grant Act

An $1862$ law that provided funds to create colleges focused on agriculture, engineering, and military science.

Homestead Act

An $1862$ law passed by Lincoln to encourage westward expansion by offering $160$ acres of land for free or very cheap to those who improved it.

Constitution of 1895

A white supremacy constitution created by Tillman and his allies that established poll taxes, literacy tests, and prohibited divorce.

Plessy v. Ferguson

The Supreme Court case involving Homer Plessy that ruled "separate but equal" was constitutional.

The Great Migration

The large-scale movement of African Americans from the South to the North and West between $1916$ and $1970$ to escape segregation.

Progressive Movement

An early $20$th-century effort to address injustices like corruption, poverty, illiteracy, child labor, and unsafe working conditions.

16th Amendment

An amendment that established the Federal income tax.

17th Amendment

An amendment providing for the direct election of senators.

18th Amendment

The amendment that established Prohibition, or the banning of alcohol.

19th Amendment

The amendment that guaranteed women's suffrage.

Imperialism

The policy of extending a country's size, influence, and power through diplomacy and or military force.

The Zimmerman Telegram

A secret message from Germany to Mexico proposing a military alliance against the US, serving as a primary cause for the US joining WWI in $1917$.

Code-talkers

Members of the Choctaw Nation who used their native language to send secret messages for the US military during war.

The Harlem Renaissance

A celebration of Black art and culture in the $1920$s that showcased cultural pride through literature, jazz, and visual arts.

The Charleston Renaissance

A response to criticisms of the city being an "uncultured wasteland" by promoting local art and heritage, making it popular for tourists.

The New Deal

A series of programs and agencies proposed by Franklin D. Roosevelt to bring relief and create jobs during the Great Depression.

Santee Cooper Project

South Carolina's largest New Deal project, which built dams to provide hydroelectric power and improved living conditions.

General Strike of 1934

A textile union strike where $6$ people were shot dead and $20$ others were injured, discouraging workers from joining unions.

James Doolittle

A WWI veteran who led $80$ pilots in a bomber raid on Japan following Pearl Harbor to boost American morale.

The Holocaust

History's largest genocide, where Adolf Hitler and the Nazis killed $6$ million Jews in a "final solution" through concentration camps.

Savannah River Site

A manufacturing site in SC for radioactive materials used in nuclear weapons.

GI Bill

The Serviceman's Readjustment Act that provided veterans with money for college tuition, home loans, and business loans.

Briggs v. Elliott

A Clarendon County case led by Harry and Eliza Briggs and Reverend Joseph Delaine to end segregation and improve transport for Black students.

Executive Order 9981

A mandate issued by President Truman to desegregate the US military after the mistreatment of veteran Isaac Woodard.

Southern Manifesto

A document signed by members of Congress claiming the Supreme Court overstepped its power and encouraging resistance to school desegregation.

Friendship Nine

A group of students from Friendship College arrested for sit-ins who established the "Jail No Bail" strategy to overcrowd jails and bring attention to their cause.

Orangeburg Massacre

A tragedy in $1968$ where officers opened fire on peaceful student protesters at a bowling alley, killing $3$ and injuring $30$.

Septima Poinsette Clark

A Charleston-born civil rights leader and teacher who taught adults to read and advocate for themselves through Citizenship Schools.

Harvey Gantt

The first Black student to integrate Clemson University after suing for discrimination.

Dixiecrats

A political party formed by Southern Democrats, led by Strom Thurmond, determined to maintain segregation and the Southern way of life.

Strom Thurmond

A governor and senator who led the Dixiecrats and gave a $24$-hour filibuster against civil rights legislation.

Beachfront Management Act

An act passed by the General Assembly to protect and restore beaches and dunes by banning construction past certain points.

Stars and Bars Controversy

A debate over whether the original Confederate National Flag represents Southern history/heritage or racism and slavery.