HB NOTES

Biological marker in men

Initiation of puberty typically occurs between ages 9-14 with increased testosterone levels causing physical changes.

Biological marker in women

Puberty usually starts between ages 8-13, marked by increased estrogen levels leading to breast development and onset of menstruation.

Primary sex characteristics in men

Testes, penis, and associated structures responsible for reproduction.

Primary sex characteristics in women

Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina.

Secondary sex characteristics in men

Development of facial hair, increased muscle, deeper voice, and body hair.

Secondary sex characteristics in women

Development of breasts, wider hips, and changes in body fat distribution.

On time puberty

Refers to individuals experiencing puberty at the average age for their sex.

Late bloomer

Refers to individuals who experience puberty significantly later than their peers.

Early maturation effects on girls

May lead to increased attention from older peers, heightened risk of depression, and involvement in risky behaviors.

Early maturation effects on boys

Often leads to advantages in sports and social status, but may also increase susceptibility to pressure and risky behaviors.

Delayed maturation effects on girls

May lead to feelings of self-consciousness or exclusion due to not having developed bodies like peers.

Delayed maturation effects on boys

Often results in feelings of inadequacy, lower self-esteem, and affected social interactions.

Influences on identity

Family, culture, social relationships, and personal experiences shape a person's identity.

James Marcia

A psychologist known for his theory on identity statuses in adolescence.

Commitment in identity

A personal investment in a particular identity, belief, or way of life.

Crisis in identity

A turning point or pivotal moment leading to a reevaluation of personal beliefs and identity.

Identity Foreclosure

Commitment without a crisis; for example, a teenager adopting their parents' values without questioning them.

Identity Diffusion

Lack of commitment and lack of crisis; for example, a young adult apathetic about their future.

Identity Moratorium

Active exploration with no commitment; for example, a teen exploring various beliefs without settling on one.

Identity Achievement

Commitment after a crisis; for example, choosing a career path after reflecting on options.

Egocentrism peak age

Egocentrism typically peaks during early adolescence, around ages 12-14.

Imaginary audience

The belief that others are as concerned with them as they are; for example, a teenager worried about being judged.

Personal fable

The belief that one's experiences are unique; for example, a teen thinking they are the only one dealing with heartbreak.

Age of majority

The age at which a person is legally considered an adult, typically 18 in many countries.

Age of physical peak

Usually around age 25, when physical capabilities are at their best.

Metabolism changes after 25

Slows down, making it easier to gain weight.

Changes in height and weight into adulthood

Most commonly achieve adult height, while weight can vary based on lifestyle.

Physical strength changes after peak

Peak physical strength typically begins to decrease gradually.

Is physical peak universal for all?

No, it can vary based on genetics, lifestyle, and overall health.

Exception to Peak Physical Age rule

Professional athletes may peak earlier than age 25 due to intensive training.

Prefrontal cortex purpose

Responsible for complex cognitive behavior, decision-making, and expression of personality.

Prefrontal cortex full development age

Fully develops around the mid-20s.

Consequences of underdeveloped prefrontal cortex

May lead to poor decision making and impulsive behavior.

Phineas Gage

A railroad worker who survived a severe brain injury damaging his prefrontal cortex.

Phineas Gage's symptoms

Significant changes in personality and impaired decision-making abilities.

Benefits of aging

Accumulation of life experience, wisdom, and often greater emotional regulation.

Fears associated with aging

Fear of loss of independence, health decline, and social isolation.

Common indicators of aging

Wrinkles, gray hair, decreased mobility, and cognitive decline.

Fighting against aging

Advancements in medicine, fitness programs, and improved nutrition.

Baby lab experiments

Studies conducted to understand if infants possess innate ethical understanding.

Do babies have a sense of right and wrong?

Evidence suggests they show basic preferences for fair behaviors.

Can babies form a bias?

Yes, biases can be based on early experiences and observations.

Lawrence Kohlberg

A psychologist known for his theory of moral development.

Kohlberg's study focus

How individuals develop moral reasoning through various stages.

Issue with Kohlberg's theory

Criticized for being culturally biased and predominantly male-oriented.

Carol Gilligan

A feminist psychologist who challenged Kohlberg’s theories.

Gilligan's perspective on morality

Highlighted differing perspectives on morality, particularly among genders.

Men's views on morality

Often more focused on rules and justice.

Women's views on morality

Generally more focused on relationships and care.

Kohlberg’s Level 1

Pre-conventional morality.

Stage 1 of Level 1

Obedience and punishment orientation; example: a child avoids punishment by not stealing.

Stage 2 of Level 1

Individualism and exchange; example: a child understands that others have interests.

Main motivation of Level 1

Avoidance of punishment and direct self-interest.

Moral authority of Level 1

Authority figures or self-centered views.

Kohlberg’s Level 2

Conventional morality.

Stage 3 of Level 2

Good interpersonal relationships; example: a person acts to gain approval from others.

Stage 4 of Level 2

Maintaining social order; example: a person believes in following laws to uphold society.

Focus shift in Level 2

From individual to societal norms and guidelines.

Trusted role model in Level 2

Authority figures, such as parents or teachers.

Kohlberg’s Level 3

Post-conventional morality.

Stage 5 of Level 3

Social contract; example: recognizing the importance of individual rights.

Stage 6 of Level 3

Universal ethical principles; example: making decisions based on universal human rights.

Difference between Level 3 and Level 1

Focus on broader social contracts versus avoiding punishment.

Main rights focus of Level 3

Fundamental human rights and justice principles.