NUTR 407 Quiz 1

What two nutrients are the major source of energy for the body?

Carbohydrates and fats

List all monosaccharides

1) Glucose

2) Fructose

3) Galactose

List all disaccharides

1) Maltose

2) Sucrose

3) Lactose

4) Trehalos

list all polysaccharides

\- Maltodextrin

\- Starch (amylose and amylopectin)

\- Glycogen

Oils are ______ at room temp

liquid

Fats are _______ at room temp

solid

Label

Amino acid

What is the recommended intake of protein for the general population

between 0.8 and 1.2g/kg of body weight

What is the recommended intake of water for the general population

2 - 2.8 liters a day (1 – 1.5 liter from actual water, other can be from food)

Alchohol

7kcal/g

Most of it gets converted to fat

Recent studies show that any amount of alcohol ingested is damaging to the body

What macronutrient forms eicosanoids and what is their function?

Fats (lipids) and they are signaling molecules

What are the negative health outcomes from sodium intake?

* The link between high dietary salt intake and high blood pressure (likely the kidneys are not able to excrete large amounts of salt)
* From an evolutionary viewpoint, humans are adapted to ingest and excrete <1g of salt per day (around eight times less than the average intake)

What two fats are the most detrimental?

Saturated and trans-fat

* Risk of cardiovascular disease
* Risk of some cancers

Is protein deficiency a common problem?

No, not in the U.S

The functional unit of skeletal muscle fiber

Sacromere

What are the two filaments in the muscle?

Myosin (thick)

Actin (thin)

What are the three different muscle fiber types

1. I - Slow
2. Iia – Fast Fatigue Resistant
3. Iix – Fast Fatigable

Is the muscle adaptable?

Muscle fibers are extremely adaptable

* The distribution of fiber type is genetically determined


* However, training will have a major effect on the metabolic potential of the muscle

What is the only source of energy for the body?

ATP

What system is the fastest at regenerating energy?

phosphocreatine

How many molecules of pyruvate are generated by one molecule of glucose?

Two molecules of pyruvate

How much ATP is produced by glycolysis?

Two molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose

Three molecules of ATP when using glycogen

How much ATP is produced by the TCA cycle?

Two ATPs

What is the most important thing to maintaining high-intensity exercise?

High carbohydrate intake

What cycles transport fat into mitochondria?

Carnitine

What percent of energy is provided by protein during exercise?

5%

What macronutrient is responsible for energy production at high and low intensity of exercise?

Fat

Why is consuming mega doses of vitamin C and E bad for athletes?

Impairs adaptions to endurance training

Before being broken down into 2 carbon units, fatty acid chains need to be transported into the mitochondria by ____________, then they are attached to ______________ to form acetyl-CoA

Carnitine and Coenzyme-A