20. Diabetes and 21. Allergic Reactions

diabetes mellitus (DM)

A disease where the body cannot properly regulate blood sugar due to insulin problems

diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

A life-threatening complication of diabetes where lack of insulin causes dangerous acid buildup in the blood

glucagon

A hormone that raises blood sugar by signaling the liver to release stored glucose

glucose

The primary sugar the body uses for energy

hyperglycemia

Abnormally high blood sugar levels

hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome (HHS)

A life-threatening condition in type 2 diabetes with extremely high blood sugar and severe dehydration without ketoacidosis

hypoglycemia

Abnormally low blood sugar levels

insulin

A hormone that allows cells to absorb glucose from the blood for energy

oral glucose

A sugar gel given by mouth to rapidly treat hypoglycemia in conscious patients

type 1 diabetes

A form of diabetes where the immune system destroys insulin-producing cells requiring lifelong insulin

type 2 diabetes

A form of diabetes where the body resists insulin or does not produce enough of it

allergen

A substance that triggers an allergic reaction in a sensitive person

allergic reaction

An immune system response to a foreign substance that the body identifies as harmful

anaphylactic reaction

A severe life-threatening allergic reaction involving multiple body systems

anaphylactic shock

Severe circulatory collapse caused by anaphylaxis leading to dangerously low blood pressure

anaphylactoid reaction

A severe allergic-like reaction that does not involve IgE antibodies but produces the same effects

anaphylaxis

A sudden severe whole-body allergic reaction that can be fatal without immediate treatment

antibodies

Proteins made by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign substances

antigen

A foreign substance that triggers an immune response

endotracheal intubation

Inserting a tube into the trachea to secure and manage the airway

histamine

A chemical released during allergic reactions causing swelling itching and airway constriction

hives

Raised itchy red welts on the skin caused by an allergic reaction

hypersensitivity

An exaggerated immune response to a substance that is harmful to the body

IgE-mediated anaphylactic reaction

A severe allergic reaction triggered by IgE antibodies binding to an allergen

immune response

The body's defense reaction to a foreign substance or pathogen

immune system

The body system that protects against infection and foreign substances

malaise

A general feeling of discomfort weakness or being unwell

non-IgE-mediated reaction

An allergic-like reaction triggered without IgE antibodies

sensitization

The first exposure to an allergen that causes the immune system to produce antibodies against it