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Residual volume

The amount of air that remains in the lungs after a full exhalation; cannot be fully exhaled.

IRV (Inspiratory Reserve Volume)

The additional air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation; not used during quiet breathing.

Diploid cells

Cells that have two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.

Meiosis

A type of cell division that produces four genetically diverse gametes, not genetically identical cells.

Zygote

The fertilized egg that is diploid, not haploid.

Oogenesis

The process in females that produces one functional egg and polar bodies.

Homologous chromosomes

Chromosomes that are similar in shape, size, and carry the same genes, but may have different alleles.

Spermatogenesis

The process of sperm cell development, which occurs in the testes.

Chromatid

One of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome, formed after DNA replication.

Polar body

A small, nonfunctional cell produced during oogenesis that contains discarded chromosomes

Secondary oocyte

The cell released during ovulation; becomes an ovum only if fertilization occurs.

Secondary Spermatocyte

Haploid cells formed after meiosis 1 in males

Expiratory Reserve Volume ( ERV)