Damon Bach HIST 106 TAMU exam 2

Progressivism

The movement in the late 1800s to increase democracy in America by curbing the power of the corporation. It fought to end corruption in government and business, and worked to bring equal rights of women and other groups that had been left behind during the industrial revolution.

six characteristics of progressivism

- appealed to a lot of average Americans, facts over feelings style

- acted out of concern about the effects of industrialization and industrial living conditions

- believe in progress and peoples ability to recognize and solve problems

- believed they had the right to intervene in peoples lives; element of coercion

- turned to government at all levels to effect reforms

- evangelical Protestantism and natural and social sciences inform it

- very popular and pervasive, drew support from all over.

Rise of Professions

The middle class beginning to work towards professions such as being a doctor or a lawyer

them normal folk began wantin to be edumecated folk

a move toward admin vs industrial work

Social Justice Movement

sought to free people from the often devastating impact of urban life.

focused on the need for tenement house laws, more stringent child labor regulations, and better working conditions for women.

These reformers also brought pressure on municipal agencies for better community services and facilities.

Reforms of Progressive Era

-direct primary elections

-nonpartisan elections at state/local level

-civil service expansion

-initiative, referendum, recall

-17th amendment, popular election of senators

- alcohol is bad, womens christian temperance union lobbied hard

- ninteenth amendment, women are people too

- argument shifted from "natural right" to women are sensitive and will purify society"

- Referendum, Initiative, Recall

Eugene V. Debs

Head of the American Railway Union and director of the Pullman strike; he was imprisoned along with his associates for ignoring a federal court injunction to stop striking. While in prison, he read Socialist literature and emerged as a Socialist leader in America.

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership,

created Federal Reserve

Federal Trade Commission

Clayton Antitrust Act

progressive income tax

lower tariffs

women's suffrage (reluctantly)

Was a little baby and had a neutrality policy at start of WWI

Treaty of Versailles

sought 14 points post-war plan

League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification)

won Nobel Peace Prize

Barely reelected in 1916 because he "kept us out of war"

sussex pledge

Foreign policy of Taft

Dollar Diplomacy

Investing in less developed nations promoting american financial business interests abroad

Foreign Policy of Wilson

- believed in an ethical world ahaha, stressed moralism

- marines sieze veracruz in retaliation for captured sailors

- Francisco "pancho" Villa revolted against new mexico president

Had a neutrality policy when all hell began to break loose in Europe

Origins of WWI

MAIN: Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism

- Some serbian dude shot franz ferdinand,

- everybody was friends with one of the two parties involved with this one dude who got shot, so when those two declared war so did the ENTIRETY OF EUROPE pretty much

becomes allied vs central powers, all hell breaks loose

Anti-War orgs

Stressed policy of neutrality

like the american union for anti militarism

Reason US joined WWI

Sinking of the Lusitania they killed 128 americans

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

the Zimmerman Note - Germany sent a telegram to mexico declaring an alliance against us

The Russian Revolution

Sussex Pledge

After a French ship was sunk by a german Uboat Wilson said hey stop that or else, so Germany was like "ok we will just shoot warships" haha yeah we will see.

The US at war in Europe

Trench warfare, gas attacks, brutality that can scarcely be described. though the numbers america brought were small compared to the allies, it boosted moral and gave the allies the extra push to turn the tides of the war

Nov. 11, 1918

armistice day, the end of ww1

Espionage and Sedition Acts

two laws, enacted in 1917 and 1918, that imposed harsh penalties on anyone interfering with or speaking against U.S. participation in WWI

The War at home

with all the men gone to war; women, african americans, and hispanics saw large increase in numbers in the workforce. however they were not treated the same and many race riots broke out.

America became a creditor nation

Wilson's 14 Points

Woodrow Wilson's plan for post-war peace: no secret treaties; freedom of the seas; removal of economic barriers; reduction of arms; adjust colonial claims

League of Nations

An organization of nations formed after World War I to promote cooperation and peace.

Formed the precursors for the UN

The legacy of WWI

-A series of nations ceased to exist

- was the end of progressivism

-11 million died

-veterans werent really sure why they had fought

-People everywhere were sick of war

-profound effect on international affairs and the way the world works

-It was the end of monarchical empires.

- the cubs wouldn't win the world series for 100 years

Treaty of versaille put a lot of restrictions on Germany, many that they didnt like, leading to a big germany vs world sentiment. (foreshadowing)

The roaring 20's

A time of booming business, lots of new entertainment like Jazz Age music, and new technologies.

Car industry boomed, GNP up 40%

major clash of values, was an era of change

Consumerism in the 1920s

Americans were fascinated with new consumer products in the 1920s and began overspending and borrowing on credit. Would later lead to causes of the Great Depression

RADIO

Changes in way of life in the 1920s

-farming saw a sharp decline as the focal point of american life became urban areas

lots of pop culture shifts

-organized crime rises sharply

-people still hella want their booze

-Peoples view of sex begins to shift, with flappers becoming the new thing, sex begins to be advertised and not as much of a hush hush subject

Great Depression

- (HH) , starting with collapse of the US stock market in 1929, period of worldwide economic stagnation and depression.

- Heavy borrowing by European nations from USA during WW1 contributed to instability in European economies.

- Sharp declines in income and production as buying and selling slowed down. Widespread unemployment,

-countries raised tariffs to protect their industries. America stopped investing in Europe. Lead to loss of confidence that economies were self adjusting,

- HH was blamed for it

Hoover and the Great Depression

Believed the people could get out of the depression themselves and took a laissez faire approach, and created volunteerism as a solution, rugged individualism

-The bonus army WWI vets who traveled to DC trying to get their bonuses

FDR Legacy

-dominated the election

-his programs still provide frameworks for our domestic lives

- laid foundations for welfare and regulatory state

- committed to the survival of capitalism whoop

- restored peoples confidence, hopes, and dreams

FDR 100 days

FDR's plan to revive america. March 9 to June 16 in which FDR implemented his New Deal legislation and passed 15 major proposals

- Emergency banking act - 4 day banking holiday to stop the run on the banks

- his fireside chats encouraged people to restore trust in the banks

- economy act slashed 500m to vets and employees to try to balance the budget

- end of prohibition, not only for hellla tax revenue, but the people needed a stiff drink

- rise of liberalism as a distinct form progressivism

- civilian conservation corps, put 250k men to work building parks

- federal emergency relief administration 500m of direct assistance to states

-Tennessee valley authority made him popular in the south

-public works administration allowed public construction of structures to provide jobs

-farm credit association extended credit to struggling farmers

-national recovery administration favored big business but attempted at planning and cooperation of labor and gov

- agriculture adjustment administration allocated acreage to paying farmers, basically get rid of land to raise prices

American Isolationism

America's interests were best served by secluding itself from other nations and avoiding alliances at the beginning of WWII

the kellogg briand pact

a 1928 international agreement in which signatory states promised not to use war to resolve "disputes or conflicts of whatever nature or of whatever origin they may be, which may arise among them". There were no mechanisms for enforcement

ha good luck

symbolic of american foreign policy after WWI

factors of american isolationism

An advance in world economics but a withdrawal of responsibility in world order, as europe and asia went to hell we backed off in hopes that they would sort themselves up without getting tied up in it

Turmoil in Europe and Asia

The rise of dictators threatened democracy in europe, the treaty of versaille left unfair rules diminishing many peoples. so three people rose to make right the ways they had been mistreated. Germany, Italy, and Japan.

Germany marched into poland on september 1st

UK declared war and France with them

Eventually all of europe is once again in a great war.

Britain has to evacuate 330k troops

germany takes france and allies are in a bleak situation

Nye Committee

1934. Senate committee led by South Dakota Senator Gerald Nye to investigate why America became involved in WWI. Theory that big business had conspired to have America enter WWI so that they could make money selling war materials. Called bankers and arms producers "merchants of death."

Neutrality Acts

4 laws passed in the late 1930s that were designed to keep the US out of international incidents, 1939 allowed americans to sell munitions to the allies as long as they used their own ships

FDR sided with interventionists but was also aware that the country does not want to get involved in war.

Dr Bach's cat

Inks, he is black, and yes this is crucial information

Destroyers for Bases

Roosevelt's compromise for helping Britain as he could not sell Britain US destroyers without defying the Neutrality Act; Britain received 50 old but still serviceable US destroyers in exchange for giving the US the right to build military bases on British Islands in the Caribbean.

Lend-Lease Act

(FDR) 1941 law that authorized the president to aid any nation whose defense he believed was vital to American security

Pearl Harbor

On december 7th 1941, the last straw, a naval base was bombed by the japanese. the US declares war on Japan, Germany and Italy declare war on the US. The gates of hell officially were opened.

State of affairs as america entered WWII

the grand alliance

the alliance between the United Kingdom, United States, and the Soviet Union against Nazi Germany during World War II

European Theatre in WWII

By 1943, the Allies had defeated the German and Italian armies occupying North Africa then launched attacks on Sicily and the mainland of Italy. Stalin demanded an Allied attack on the Atlantic coast of France, but Operation Overlord was delayed until 1944. Invaded from the west and the east, German resistance slowly crumbled. Allied leaders Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met at the Yalta Conference in February 1945, where they decided to divide a conquered Germany into four occupation zones. In May, Soviet forces captured Berlin and Germany surrendered. After the war, Allied forces discovered the extent of the Holocaust—the Nazis' systematic attempt to exterminate the Jews.

The pacific theatre

The Japanese advance across the Pacific was halted in June 1942 when the U.S. Navy destroyed much of the Japenese fleet in the Battle of Midway. The United States fought costly battles in New Guinea and Guadalcanal before dislodging the Japanese from the Philippines in 1944. Fierce Japanese resistance at Iwo Jima and Okinawa and refusal to surrender led the new president, Harry S. Truman, to drop atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

War at home

-Americans migrated west to take jobs in defense factories, making unemployment a thing of the past.

-Farmers, too, recovered from hard times, supported by Mexican labor through the bracero program.

-The federal government, through agencies like the War Production Board, took control of managing the economy for the war effort.

-Many women took nontraditional jobs, some in the Women's Army Corps.

-About 1 million African Americans served in the military in segregated units such as the Tuskegee Airmen.

-More than 100,000 Japanese Americans were forcibly interned in "war relocation camps."

Legacies of WWII

-The Soviet Union and the United States emerged from the war as global superpowers.

-The United States possessed the world's strongest economy. Military production had brought America out of the Great Depression, and new military technologies changed industrial and private life.

-The opportunities for women and minorities during the war also increased their aspirations and would contribute to the emergence of the civil rights and feminist movements.

War Production Board

During WWII, FDR established it to allocated scarce materials, limited or stopped the production of civilian goods, and distributed contracts among competing manufacturers

Bracero Program

Plan that brought laborers from Mexico to work on American farms

Atlantic Charter (1941)

Pledge signed by US president FDR and British PM Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII and to work for peace after the war. Also to set up new international organization to mediate disputes between nations that would come in the form of the United Nations. Similar to Wilson's 14 Points after WWI, but this time it was much more successful.

Yalta Conference (1945)

FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War

Potsdam Conference (1945)

The final wartime meeting of the leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union was held at Potsdamn, outside Berlin, in July, 1945. Truman, Churchill, and Stalin discussed the future of Europe but their failure to reach meaningful agreements soon led to the onset of the Cold War.

major factors that lead to the cold war

fundamental disagreement was over control of postwar europe

-truman cut off lend-lease for russians and denied them a 1B loan to rebuild post war

-stalin dominates half of europe with communism

-stalin denies free elections in liberated europe

-communist coup in czechoslovakia in 1948

-both sides wanted competing spheres of influence

George F. Kennan's

A brilliant young diplomat, and a Soviet specialist, who crafted the "containment doctrine."

Sent the 'long telegram" which clarified to us authorities the mindset of the soviets

Iron Curtain

Winston Churchill's term for the Cold War division between the Soviet-dominated East and the U.S.-dominated West.

Containment Doctrine

A foreign policy strategy advocated by George Kennan that called for the United States to isolate the Soviet Union, "contain" its advances, and resist its encroachments by peaceful means if possible, but by force if necessary.

Truman Doctrine

1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey

Marshall Plan

A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952)

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries

Berlin Airlift

airlift in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin

National Security Act

1947; enacted to back up the Truman Doctrine

-established the National Security Council to advise the president

-established the Central Intelligence Agency to gather information abroad and engage in covert activities in support of the nation's security

-began the processes of transforming the old War and Navy Depts into the Department of Defense and combined the leadership of the army,navy, and air force under the Joint Chiefs of Staff

-showed Truman's and Americans' fears of communist invasion after WWII

NSC-68

Top-secret government report of April 1950 warning that national survival in the face of Soviet communism required a massive military buildup. Federal defense spending went crazy, researching new military tech such as the H bomb

the korean war that fully put it in effect