Studyguide

Body mechanics

actions promoting safe, efficient movement of the body by using the correct muscles and movements to avoid straining muscles or joints

What does ABC stand for

alignment, base of support, coordination

Human body alignment

how the head, shoulders, spine, hips, knees, and ankles line up with each other

Body posture

the position in which someone holds their body when standing or sitting

Base of support

a wide base is more stable than a narrow one; needed for balance

Center of gravity

the point where most of the weight is concentrated

Where is the center of gravity for a person who is standing

the pelvis

How to carry an object correctly

point your feet and body in the direction you are moving

How can you control a fall

by easing the resident to the floor while protecting the head; keep the resident still until the nurse arrives

Supine/ prone position degree

0

Folwer’s position degree

45 - 60

High Fowler’s position degree

60 - 90

How often should you reposition the resident

every 2 hours

What is the supine position

lying flat on the back with arms and hands at the sides

What is the prone position

lying on the abdomen

What is fowler’s position

reclined sitting position

What is high fowler’s position

sitting up almost straight

What is lateral

lying on the right or left side

What is sims position

left side-lying position

What is logrolling

position residents to their side, turn as a unit, and at least two people should aid, use a draw sheet, and count to three

Mechanical lifts

used to transfer residents; never operate a lift alone; never use a lift without proper training

OBRA dietary requirements

ensures that dietary and nutritional needs are met

Age-related changes that affect nutrition

Few calories are needed, saliva/ gastric juices decrease, appetite/ thirst decrease, taste/ smell diminish

Fats

energy source, flavor, absorption of vitamins

Fat sources

butter, oil, fatty meat, olives, nuts, seeds

Carbohydrates

provide energy and help the body use fats

Carbohydrate sources

breads, fruits, candy, sugary soft drinks

Protein

heals, repairs, builds

Protein sources

meats, beans, dairy, cheese

Calories

energy value of food or beverage

Deck of cards serving size

3 ounces of protein

Baseball serving size

1 cup

Tennis ball serving size

1 medium-sized fruit

Postage stamp serving size

slice of butter

Diet card

prepared by the dietary department based on the doctor’s orders

Regular diet

without limits or restrictions

Advanced diet

food is gradually reintroduced to the resident's diet, usually post-surgery or specific medical condition

What are the steps of an advanced diet

NPO > ice chips > clear liquid > full liquids > mechanical soft > regular diet

Special diets

therapeutic/modified diet with residents' input

Parenteral nutrition

IV (actual nutrition) bypassing the digestive system

Enteral nutrition

feeds through the GI tract

Nasogastric tube

nourishment through the nose and directly into the stomach

Gastrosotomy tube

nourishment through the stomach through the abdomen

Aspiration

coughing, facial discoloration, wheezing, vomiting, hands on throat

Fluid balance

the amount of I equals the amount of O

Special fluid orders

encourage fluids, restrict fluids, NPO, thickened fluids

What is an example of false imprisonment

unnecessary restraints

Criteria for restraints

last resort and informed consent needed from the resident or legal representative

Types of restraints

chemical and physical

How often should a resident be checked up on when in restraints

every 15 minutes

How often should a resident be removed from restraints

every 2 hours for at least 10 minutes

Center for medicare and medicaid services (CMS)

defines person-centered care as medical treatment

Person-centered care

a method to provide care by recognizing the value of the person and self-worth

Cognition

refers to the mental process involved in thinking, learning, understanding, and remembering

Cognitive changes due to aging

brain cells and size decrease, responses slow down, and increased learning time

Social breakdown syndrome

occurs if a resident is rushed or not allowed enough time to complete tasks, blames themselves

Dementia

a progressive condition, more commonly marked by the development of multiple cognitive deficits

Alzheimer's disease

progressive, rate varies, 3-11 years left to live after diagnosis

Early-stage alzheimer’s

mild; short-term memory problems

Middle-stage alzheimer’s

moderate; wandering, behavior changes, forgetting past and current events, can’t recall phone number or address, not oriented to person, place, time, or season

Late-stage alzheimer's

severe; 24-hour care needed, difficulty swallowing, walking, and swallowing

Delirium

a state of severe and sudden confusion; reversible; can be life-threatening

Sundowning

increased agitation, confusion, and wandering around 3-5 pm

Dysthymia

little bit milder than major depression

Bipolar disorder

manic and depressive episodes

Schizophrenia

behavior-related

Schizoaffective disorder

mood-related

Delusional disorder

false beliefs for > 1 month with other symptoms of psychosis

Pain

unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with or resembling that associated with actual or potential tissue damage

Advanced care planning

planning for future decisions about one’s medical care

Advanced directives

legal documents like a living will and durable health care powers of attorney

Palliative Care

a type of care given to residents who are dying; less than 6 months expected to live

Impending death

24 hours to 3 days left to live

Signs of impending death

erratic breathing, small amount of dark urine, increased body temperature

Stages of grief

denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance, meaning