Criminal Justice Final Exam

This request is issued to lower courts for the Supreme Court to review the case record

writ of certiorari

Serve as an advocate for defendants

defense attorneys

When a jury does not reach a unanimous decision

hung jury

Truth-in sentencing laws, individuals have to serve this amount of their sentence 

85 percent

This makes home confinement more viable

electronic monitoring

This function of the court is concerned with protecting individuals from the unfair advantage that the government has with its resources

due process

This Amendment addresses bail

8th Amendment

When attorneys give a brief version of the facts and supporting evidence that they will present during a trial

opening statements

The most common method of carrying out the death sentence

lethal injection

Occurs when a probationer fails to report a change of address

technical violation

These courts are responsible for review cases concerned with questions of law

appellate courts

This prohibits prosecutors from withholding evidence from the defense

the Brady Rule

A person cannot be tried or indicted again for the same crime

double jeopardy

This sentencing type determines the minimum and maximum terms of imprisonment

indeterminate sentencing

Requires individuals to remain home at all times except for medical emergencies

home incarceration

These courts are concerned with questions of fact

trial courts

Communication between a client and their attorney is subject to this

attorney-client privilege

This type of evidence is offered to establish, by inference, the likelihood of a fact that is in question

circumstantial evidence

Sentencing recommendations are provided in this document compiled by a probation officer

presentence investigation report

Justification for community-based corrections

assisting offenders in reintegration

Courtroom work group is made up of these members

judge, prosecutor, defense attorney, bailiff, clerk, and court reporter

Judge's order that releases an accused individual from jail with the understanding that they will return of their own free will for further proceedings

release on recognizance

The process of questioning prospective jurors to identify potential bias or any connection to the defendant or a victim

voir dire

Occurs when disparities can be attributed to extralegal variables such as gender, age, race, or socioeconomic status

sentencing discrimination

Two roles that probation officers fulfill

supervisory and investigatory

Nation's jails are managed by this

county sheriff's office

Prisons that encompass every aspect of an inmate's life 

total institutions

Percentage of cases that end up going to trial

3 percent

These are court-appointed to individuals who are unable to afford counsel

public defenders

A charge or written accusation issued by a grand jury

indictment

Overcrowding of state-run prisons are the main reason for the emergence of these

private prisons

The socialization process through which a new inmate learns the accepted norms and values of prison culture

prisonization

They are considered to be the most dominant figures in the American criminal justice system

prosecutors

Burden of proof in a criminal trial

beyond a reasonable doubt

Jurors excused without a supporting reason or cause 

peremptory challenge

The increasing number of people incarcerated for these types of offenses is the primary explanation for recent rapid growth in prison population

drug offenses

Release of an inmate from prison at the end of their sentence without any further correctional supervision

expiration release

Allows incarcerated individuals to reduce their sentence while in prison

good time

This case established the "deliberate indifference" standard

Estelle v. Gamble (1976)

The most common form of punishment

probation

The Pennsylvania System was based on this type of confinement

separate

Theory that inmate aggression is caused when freedoms and services that the inmate has come to accept as normal are decreased or eliminated

relative deprivation

These jails are laid out to make it easier to monitor inmates

new-generation jails

A chronic problem in many jails today

overcrowding

This occurs when the defense requests information from the prosecutor

discovery

This model of prison stresses the ideals of individualized treatment

rehabilitation

These laws allow corrections officials to confine sex offenders in non-correctional facilities such as psychiatric hospitals after the conclusion of their prison terms

civil confinement laws

Security levels of prisons

minimum, medium, maximum, and supermax

This is the right a defendant can take without prejudicing the jury in the prosecution's favor

taking the Fifth

Philosophical reasons for sentencing individuals

retribution, deterrence (general and specific), incapacitation, and rehabilitation