Main HG Info

Map Projections

Each map projection struggles with distortion in shape, area, distance, or direction.

GIS (Geographic Information Systems)

Layer data on maps to reveal spatial relationships.

Quantitative Research

Uses census data in number form.

Qualitative Research

Explores attitudes, beliefs, and feelings, providing insights into people's thoughts.

Distance Decay

Advancements in communication have decreased distance decay, increasing global interconnectedness.

Sense of Place

Patterns and space between areas create unique cultural identities and landscapes.

Environmental Determinism

Posits that the environment restricts society and culture.

Environmental Possibilism

Suggests society can shape and modify the environment.

Scale of Analysis

Refers to how data is organized (e.g., national vs. local).

Scale

Refers to the extent of the Earth's surface being viewed.

Functional or Nodal Regions

Organized around a node, often related to economic activities, travel, or communication.

Perceptual or Vernacular Regions

Exist based on people's beliefs, feelings, or attitudes.

Formal or Uniform Regions

Have common attributes, defined by economic, social, political, or environmental characteristics.

Population Distribution

People live in areas based on opportunities, considering economic, social, political, and environmental factors.

Population Density

Refers to the number of people living in a given area.

Arithmetic Density

Total population divided by total land area.

Physiological Density

Total population divided by arable land, indicating the number of people to feed.

Agricultural Density

Number of farmers divided by arable land, showing agricultural efficiency.

CBR (Crude Birth Rate)

The number of live births per 1,000 people in a year.

CDR (Crude Death Rate)

The number of deaths per 1,000 people in a year.

NIR (Natural Increase Rate)

The rate at which a population is growing or declining.

Demographic Transition Model

Describes the transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as a country develops.

Pro Natalism

Policies to increase population growth.

Anti Natalism

Policies to restrict population growth.

Malthusian Catastrophe

The theory that population growth will outpace food production, leading to widespread famine.

Pull Factors

Attract people to an area.

Push Factors

Make people leave an area.

Forced Migration

Migrants' lives are put in danger.

Voluntary Migration

Migrants choose to migrate on their own accord without fear of persecution or death.

Cultural Relativism

Viewing a culture through its own perspective without imposing one's own cultural standards.

Ethnocentrism

Judging another culture based on one's own social norms and cultural standards.

Cultural Landscape

Comprises different land use patterns, agricultural practices, religious and linguistic characteristics, and architectural styles.

State Sovereignty

State's right to govern itself is challenged by devolution, technology, foreign interference, and supernational organizations.

Supernational Organizations

Joining organizations like the EU, NATO, or UN involves giving up some sovereign control.

Intensive Agricultural Practices

Near population centers, maximizes production with labor and capital (e.g., plantation farming, mixed crop and livestock, market gardening).

Extensive Agricultural Practices

Farther from population centers, needs more land, done by hand (e.g., shifting cultivation, nomadic herding, ranching).

Subsistence Agriculture

Focuses on feeding the farmer's family/community.

Commercial Agriculture

Aims to generate profit.

Clustered Settlement Patterns

Higher population density.

Dispersed Settlement Patterns

Lower population density.

Linear Settlement Patterns

Along a river, road, or train.

Meets and Bounds Survey Method

Short distances, based on geographic features.

Long Lots Survey Method

Narrow parcels connecting to transportation.

Township and Range Survey Method

Uses longitude and latitude in a grid.

Agricultural Hearths

Fertile Crescent, Indus Valley River (origin of crops and animals).

Neolithic Revolution

First agricultural revolution, sedentary agriculture takes off.

Industrial Revolution

Second agricultural revolution, new technologies increase food output, enclosure movement.

Green Revolution

GMOs, hybrid plants, fertilizers, pesticides increase crop yields.

Monocropping

Growing the same crop each year.

Monoculture

Growing one type of crop at a time, switching after each harvest.

Bid Rent Theory

Land prices decrease with distance from urban areas, influencing land use.

Von Thunen's Model

Market at the center, with dairy and horticulture in the first ring, forest in the second ring, grain and field crops in the third ring, and livestock in the outermost ring.

Site Factors

Unique characteristics of a place.

Situation Factors

Connections between places.

Gravity Model

Larger settlements have more interaction.

Central Place Theory

Larger settlements, specialized businesses have a larger range, illustrating urban hierarchy.

Primate City Rule

Largest settlement has double the population of the second largest.

Rank Size Rule

Largest settlement has half the population of the second largest, and so on.

Burgess Concentric Zone Model

Cities grow outwards from the CBD in rings.

Hoyt Sector Model

City developed in wedges with the CBD in the center.

Harris and Allman Multiple Nuclei Model

City has multiple CBDs.

Density Gradient

High density near CBD, medium density in suburbs, low density in rural areas.

Redlining

Discriminatory practices in home loans for minority communities.

Blockbusting

Contributed to white flight, leading to unequal economic development.

Gentrification

Raises property values and increases wealth in low-income neighborhoods, but pushes out current residents.

Globalization

Theme of drastic changes in production, migration, urbanization, and settlements.

Formal Economy

Jobs that are regulated or monitored by the government.

Informal Economy

Jobs under the table.

Economic Sectors

Primary: Natural resources, Secondary: Manufacturing, Tertiary: Service jobs, Quaternary: Collecting and gathering of information, Quinary: Jobs focused on decision processes.

Offshoring

Moving jobs from home country to another country.

Neoliberal Policies

Free trade agreements (NAFTA), World Trade Organization, International Monetary Fund.

Tariffs

Taxes on imports to protect domestic industries.

Growth Indicators

GDP, GNP, GNI, Gender Inequality Index, Human Development Index.

Women in the Economy

More likely in subsistence agriculture or informal economy, low wages, less legal protection, discrimination and sexual assault.

Microloans

Loans given by individuals within a society, not by a government organization.

Rostow's Stages of Economic Growth

Traditional society, Preconditions for takeoff, Takeoff, Drive to maturity, Age of mass consumption.

Wallerstein's World System Theory

Economic imbalance, core countries exploit less developed countries.

Dependency Theory

Core countries disproportionately benefit from trade.

Commodity Dependence

Developing countries' entire economy based on one commodity.