AP World History - Unit 3

Absolute Monarch

ruler with complete control over the government and the lives of the people.

Agrarian

concerning farms, farmers, or the use of land

Atheists

People who believe that no God exists. Came about in relatively large numbers during the Scientific Revolution.

Capitalism

an economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations, esp. as contrasted to cooperatively or state-owned means of wealth.

Cash Crop

a readily salable crop that is grown and gathered for the market (as vegetables or cotton or tobacco)

Circumnavigate

travel all the way around the earth (e.g. Magellan)

Colonization

physical process whereby the colonizer takes over another place, putting its own government in charge and either moving its own people into the place or bringing in indentured outsiders to gain control of the people and the land

Commerce

transactions (sales and purchases) having the objective of supplying commodities (goods and services)

Commercial

connected with or engaged in or sponsored by or used in commerce or commercial enterprises

Commonwealth

a system of organizing nation-states around a democratic principle and independence; a system of organization of autonomous states that are united in allegiance to a central power but are not subordinate to it or to one another

Consequences

the results of some previous action

Continuity

the property of a continuous and connected period of time

Convent

a community of people in a religious order (especially nuns) living together

Currency

system of money

Deists

Influenced by the spirit of rationalism, Desists believed that God, like a celestial clock maker, had created a perfect universe and then had stepped back to let it operate according to natural laws, playing a passive role. Came about in relatively large numbers during the Scientific Revolution.

Demography

the branch of sociology that studies the characteristics of human populations

Divine

appropriate to or befitting a god

Divine Right

The concept that monarchs' right to govern was ordained by God, which was an idea embraced by the King of England during the Enlightenment period.

Dominant

exercising influence or control

Economy

the system of production and distribution and consumption

Hedonism

an ethical system that focused on worldly pleasures

Hinder

put at a disadvantage

Humanism

Cultural belief in the power and potential of Humans and that Humans can understand anything...and everything.The European focus during the Renaissance on human endeavors, shifting focus to life on Earth and celebrating human achievements in the scholarly, artistic, and political realms. This had a far-flung influence on the world, leading to a focus on individualism.

Institution

an establishment consisting of a building or complex of buildings where an organization for the promotion of some cause is situated; a custom that for a long time has been an important feature of some group or society

Jurisdiction

an area of authority or control; the right to administer justice

Left-Wing

those who support varying degrees of social or political or economic change designed to promote the public welfare

Mercantilism

A theory under which a country actively sought to trade, but tried not to import more than it exported, avoiding dependencies on other countries. Encouraged colonization.

Monarchy

an autocracy governed by a monarch who usually inherits the authority

Monastic

related to monks or monasteries; removed from worldly concerns

Monk

a religious man living in a cloister and devoting himself to contemplation and prayer and work

Monopoly

Exclusive control of a commodity or service in a particular market, or a control that makes possible the manipulation of prices.

Monotheism

belief in a single God

Morality

concern with the distinction between good and evil or right and wrong

Nun

a female who dedicates her life to God; avoids the things of the world

Papacy

the government of the Roman Catholic Church, which the pope is the head of.

Papal

proceeding from or ordered by or subject to a pope or the papacy regarded as the successor of the Apostles

Parliament

a body representing privileged groups; institutionalized feudal principle that rulers should consult with their vassals;

(In Britain) an assembly of nobles who were responsible for representing the views of different parts of England on law-making and taxation issues.

Patriarch

the male head of family or tribe

Pope

the head of the Roman Catholic Church who lived in The Vatican in Rome; Bishop of Rome

Revolution

a drastic and far-reaching change in ways of thinking and behaving

Right-Wing

those who support political or social or economic conservatism; those who believe that things are better left unchanged

Salvation

(Christianity) the act of delivering from sin or saving from evil

Sanctioned

1.formally approved and invested with legal authority; 2.conforming with orthodox values,

3.established by authority

Satire

witty language used to convey insults or scorn,

form of literature in which irony, sarcasm, and ridicule are employed to attack human vice and folly

Subsistence

minimal (or marginal) resources for subsisting

Urbanization

a natural outgrowth of the increased efficiencies in farming and agriculture...aka cities grew :D

Utopia

a book by Sir Thomas More of England, written in 1516, describing an idea society, in which everyone shared the wealth, and everyone's needs were met.

Utopian

characterized by or aspiring to impracticable perfection

Vassals

lesser lords who pledged their service and loyalty to a greater lord -- in a military capacity

Venerate

to honor, admire, and regard with respect (esp. a Saint), regard with feelings of respect and reverence

Vernacular

Native language.

Ex.The growing middle class of Europe wanted books written in their own vernacular.

Age of Reason (The Enlightenment)

During the 17th and 18th centuries. Focused on the role of mankind in relation to government, ideas which greatly influenced the framers of the U.S. Constitution. Concept of divine right began. Social Contract emerges, which states that governments were formed not by divine decree, but to meet the social and economical needs of the people being governed.

Akbar the Great (Mughal India)

Grandson of Babur(established Mughal Empire in India), who ruled from 1556 to 1605. Reunited India under religious tolerance. Eliminated the head tax on Hindus(jizya) which angered many people. Eliminated sati and tried to improve the position of women. Welcomed Hindus into government positions. ~100 years Hindus and Muslims increasingly lived side-by-side and became more geographically mixed.

Batavia, Indonesia

Fort established in 1619 as headquarters of Dutch East India Company operations in Indonesia; today the city of Jakarta.

Calvin, John

1509-1564. French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism - believed in predestination and a strict sense of morality. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings.

Columbian Exchange

The transatlantic transfer of animals, plants, diseases, people, technology, and ideas among Europe, the Americas, and Africa. Overall population throughout northern Europe grew. Sugar and Silver were key products in the exchange. This silver was later traded with China(Silver or Single Whip System), making the world a much smaller place.

Counter Reformation (Catholic Reformation)

Catholic Church reforms in the sixteenth century in reaction to Protestant Reformation. Succeeding in winning back some souls they had lost to the Protestant denominations. Led by Spain(Philip II of Spain). Changes: Banned selling of indulgences, consulted with bishops and parishes more frequently, and trained its priests to live the Catholic life instead of merely preaching it, weekly mass became obligatory, pope's supreme authority was re-established and Latin was re-established as the language to be used in Latin. Society of Jesuits (Jesuit Order) was found. Council of Trent(1545-1563) dictated and defined Catholic interpretations of religious doctrine and clarified the Catholic Church's position on important religious questions, such as nature of salvation.

Dutch East India Company

Government-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies.

Eastern Orthodox

The Christian religion of the Byzantine Empire in the middle east that formed from Christianity's schism between the remains of the western and eastern Roman Empire. The Christian church ruled by the Byzantine emperor and the patriarchs of various historically significant Christian centers/cities.

Edict of Nantes

1598, decree promulgated at Nantes by King Henry IV,who was the first Bourbon king, to restore internal peace in France, which had been torn by the Wars of Religion; the edict defined the rights of the French Protestants (Huguenauts) and created an environment of toleration.

Edict of Fountainbleu

Henry XIV revoked Edict of Nantes- Huguenots lost right to practice Calvinism and fled

Elizabethan Age

1558-1603. Encouraged expansion, exploration and colonization in the New World, especially after England defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588. Muscovy Company and British East India Company founded as first joint stock companies. First English colonists settled in Roanoke colony in present day Virginia. Shakespeare wrote his masterpieces.

Elizabeth I of England

Daughter of Henry VIII, who oversaw a golden age in the arts in England known as the Elizabethan Age.

Encomienda System

A sort of feudal system in the Americas which provided the peninsulares with land and a specified number of native laborers and they were supposed to protect the Natives and convert them to Christianity. When there were more workers needed they brought in slaves from Africa.

English Bill of Rights

King William and Queen Mary accepted this document in 1689. It guaranteed certain rights to English citizens and declared that elections for Parliament would happen frequently. By accepting this document, they supported a limited monarchy, a system in which they shared their power with Parliament and the people and ensured that future monarchs would be Anglican.

English Commonwealth

The new form of government in England established by Oliver Cromwell after overthrowing Charles I(Long Parliament). The period of time when the Parliament was the head of England. Things accomplished during this time:

Stuart Restoration(1660-1688)- Charles II restores a limited monarchy

Habeas Corpus Act(1697)- protects people from arrests without due proccess.

Glorious Revolution- Charles II driven from power and replaced by William and Mary

English Bill of Rights-restatement of Declaration of Independence presented by Parliament to William and Mary

European Exploration

reasons: trade, a chance to get rich, chance to spread Christianity, find new lands and trade routes, glory for the country, and individual fame

Floating Empires

The Portuguese and the Spanish. Eager to eliminate Muslim middlemen and find more efficient trade routes, the Portuguese and the Spanish set out to sea; they soon controlled many major shipping routes in the Indian Ocean, Indonesia and the Atlantic Ocean. First ones of European Exploration and Expansion.

Goa, India

Island off the coast of India that was the base of Portuguese trade, which could store spices and other goods until they were shipped to Europe.

Gutenberg's Printing Press

invented in Europe by Johann Gutenberg in 1454; prior to this few books made because the task was long and laborious, so those made were usually in Latin (language of scholars and RCC), so most people didn't read...but this printing press made books easier to produce, more affordable and in different vernaculars. Middle class desired books, making them better educated and literate, then desiring books, then getting smarter and so on.

Hacienda System

similar to the feudal system, Natives got money and had to buy their products from their owners. Replaced Encomienda system

Hapsburg Family

A family that originated in Austria who, through a series of carefully arranged marriages, created a huge empire that stretched from Austria and Germany to Spain. Charles V, Ferdinand I,and Philip II of Spain were some of them

Hapsburg Spain

Hapsburg Spain refers to the history of Spain over the 16th and 17th centuries (1506-1700), when Spain was ruled by the major branch of the Habsburg dynasty. Under Habsburg rule (chiefly under Charles V and Philip II of Spain), Spain reached the zenith of its influence and power, controlling territory. For well over a century, was the world's greatest power.

Henry Tudor(King Henry VIII)

King of England who needed a male heir to his throne, and sought to leave his wife, but the Pope didn't let him. He would react to this by presiding over the Church of England(Anglican Church), which would allow him such a privilege and crossing the line between church and state. He did this under the 1534 Act of Supremacy.

Heliocentric Theory

the idea that the earth and the other planets revolve around the sun (Nicolaus Copernicus). Scientific Revolution

Holy Roman Empire

Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806.

Huguenots

French Protestants who became a sizeable and influential minority during the Protestnat Reformation. They constantly fought with the Catholics until The Edict of Nantes (1598) freed them from persecution in France, but when that was revoked in the early 1700's by Louis XIV, hundreds of thousands of Huguenots fled to other countries, including America.

Indulgences

A piece of paper,that a person could buy to reduce time in purgatory, through the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Protestant Reformation and then in turn to the Catholic Reformation.

Inquistion

a formalized interrogation and persecution process of heretics set into motion by Pope Gregory IX.

Janissary Corps(Janissaries)

The Christian slaves of the Ottomans who were not eligible for government positions and served instead as a part of the Ottoman military. Ottomans expanded greatly because of the janissaries, who quickly became the most powerful component in the Ottoman military machine.

Jesuit Order

a Roman Catholic order founded by Saint Ignatius of Loyola in 1534 to defend Catholicism against the Reformation and to do missionary work among the heathen

Jesuits

A Catholic order that rose during the Catholic Reformation, became active in politics, education and missionary work. They practiced self-control and moderation, believing that prayer and good works led to salvation. Many were appointed to high palace positions due to their oratorical and political skills. Their example led to a stricter training system higher expectations of morality for the clergy.

Law of Heavenly Bodies

Copernicus' mathematical theory that asserted that the earth and the other celestial bodies revolved around the sun and that the earth also rotated on its axis daily. During the Catholic Reformation in Europe.

Luther, Martin

A german monk in 1517 who nailed a list of 95 theses on a church door, whose frustrations with the Catholic Church would lead to the development of Lutheranism and sparked the beginning of the Protestant Reformation.

Louis XIV (France)

an absolute monarch(1643-1715),through divine right,called himself the "Sun King" and "The Most Christian King". He built up France's internal strength through finance and military, strengthened army and connected France through trades routes, catholic religion and the capital Versailles and foreign expansion during his reign. He revoked the Edict of Nantes forcing Huguenots to leave and he appointed Jean Baptiste Colbert,strict mercantilist, to manage the royal funds, who wanted to increase the empire's size for more trade. So France was constantly at war.

Manchu (Qing Dynasty) China

the last imperial dynasty of China (from 1644 to 1912) which was overthrown by revolutionaries. Qing warriors invited by Ming rulers to quell peasant uprisings, but instead they ousted the emperor. 3% of population so needed ethnic Chinese help to rule, so civil service examination gained new heights. Under Manchu, Chinese empire expanded to included Taiwan, Mongolia, central Asia, and Tibet. Vietnam, Burma, and Nepal became vassal states to China.

Peter the Great (Russia)

(Peter the I) son of Alexis Romanov, who ruled Russian Empire from 1682-1725.He was convinced he needed to westernize Russia. Under Peter the Great, first navy was built and founded St. Petersburg on the Baltic Sea as his new capital, St. Petersburg became home to European engineers, scientists, architects, and artists who were recruited specifically to westernize Europe. He also traveled the West in search of Western ideas, put down revolts with great cruelty, set up secret police.

Philip II of Spain

Son of Charles V, who gave Philip II rule over Spain and jurisdiction over Burgundy(in France), Sicily, and the Netherlands as well as Spain's New World claims. He also gained control over Portugal. Under Philip II, rebirth of culture through the Spanish Renaissance, continuation of the Spanish Inquisition to oust heretics, led Catholic Reformation against Protestants, and missionary work in New World expanded.

Potosi Silver Mine

the largest silver mine in Peru, located in the city of Potosi in upper Peru (modern day Bolivia). Provided 80% of all Peruvian silver. Spanish had started to mine silver in Peru and Mexico between 1545 and 1565. Potosi became a mining center with a luxurious way of life and opulent churches, but the work was done by American Indian slaves and encomienda workers. After 1580, mercury was used to extract the silver. This silver was the same silver used in China during the Silver or Single Whip System.

Protestant Reformation

started by Martin Luther(1517- nailing of indulgences), Lutherans began to separate themselves from the Catholic Church, different Protestant groups arose(John Calvin). idea was that people didn't NEED the Catholic Church/Pope to interact with God, only Bibles. Luther made it acceptable to question the Church's wisdom. Bibles printed in different languages (Ex.German for Luther's hometown :D), then people became literate and better educated, then more & more questioned world around them and church;s authority. Paved ways for revolutions in education, politics, and science. Also Resulted in creation of Protestant Churches.

Renaissance

The great period of rebirth in art, literature, and learning in the 14th-16th centuries, which marked the transition into the modern periods of European history. Cultural and political movement. Began in Italy and spread through out Europe.

Roman Catholic Church

the Roman Catholic Church, together with the Eastern Orthodox Church arose out of the division of the Roman Empire; In 1054 CE Christianity was divided when the Eastern Orthodox Church, centered in Constantinople; and the Roman Catholic Church, centered in Rome, split; Headed by a pope.

Scientific Method

a series of steps followed to solve problems, including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions. Fathers= Copernicus and Galileo. Born out of Scholastic Tradition.

Scientific Revolution

Renaissance Europe; period of empirical advances associated with the development of wider theoretical generalizations; resulted in change in traditional beliefs of Middle Ages. Some people became atheists or deists. Time of Heliocentric Theory, the scientific method and led to The Enlightenment.

Shogun

a hereditary military(bakufu) dictator of Japan

Silver or Single Whip System

The Single Whip Reforms of 1581, imposed by Chief Grand Secretary Zhang Juzheng ordered that all land taxes in China must be paid in silver. This reform monetized the Chinese tax system. the silvr was supplied from Japan. Then trade with Spanish through Philippines for silver from the Americas.

Straits of Malacca, Indonesia

well-traveled stretch of water between Malaysia and Indonesia used for trade along the Spice Route

Suleiman the Magnificent(Ottoman)

(Suleiman I) Ruler of the Ottman Empire(r.1520-1566) who rose to power after Selim I. He built up the Military, but also actively encouraged the development of the arts. Golden age under his rule (1520- 1566). Expanded to include Turkey and if defeated Vienna, Austria then to Western Europe to defeat the HRE which was already weak. If Austria was defeated, Western Europe would be very different.

Thirty Years War (1618-1648)

began when Protestant territories in Bohemia (Catholic Hapsburg rule) challenged Holy Roman Emperor's authority, a situation that was frequent prior Peace of Augsburg. BUT this time, developed into major religious and political war. France(under Richelieu), Denmark, Sweden and others joined. 30 years fighting in Germany= depopulated and devastated. HRE lost 1/3 of population(7 mil)

Tokugawa Bakufu System

(Tokugawa Shogunate) a feudal regime of Japan established by the Japanese emperor's decision to make Tokugawa Ieyasu a shogun(1603-1868), also known as Edo Period due to the moving of the capital to Edo(tokyo); ended civil war and bought political unity to Japan. Controlled most of the lands in central Honshu, directly or by closely allied damiyos. Outlying damiyos pleaded allegiance to the Tokugawa. A rigid social class program was established, and social mobility was forbidden.