cog exam 3

Language

System of governed by rules which allows you to combine words into an infinite number of ideas

What is the purpose of language

Communication for survival

Does language research only study WEIRD people?

Pretty much- out of 213 reviews there was only 17 that included non English

Properties of language

1. Displacement

2. Arbitrarily symbolic

3. Structured

4. Open ended

5. Dynamic

Displacement property

Ability to communicate events, ideas, objects, and places without it being right there

Arbitrarily symbolic property

Agreed upon words in cultures or symbols represent objects

Structured property

Discrete sounds that go together to make a meaning unit (word) and their orders

Open ended property

Infinite and stimulus bound

Dynamic property

Language is always changing (simple vs complex development)

Complex language example

Irregular words like go-went

Navaho = most complex language, every word is independent, in WW2 Navaho speakers were used to write code for Americans to not uncode

Simple language

Vikings in German cultures overtook land and learned languages and used simplistic language which makes languages more simplistic (When adults learn new languages it becomes simpler over time)

Structures of language

Phoneme

Morpheme

Syntax

Semantics

Pragmatic

Phoneme structure

Smallest unit of sound in a given language

What’s a consistent

Sounds that stop air flow with tongue

What’s a vowel

Sounds that don’t stop air flow

Morpheme structures

Smallest unit of sound with meaning

Example of morpheme

Root words (re|charge|ed - re: again, charge: power up, ed: past)

Syntax structure

Grammar, noun and verb parses

Syntax example

Judy and her dog run, run Judy and her dog

Semantics

Meanings of words (bigger words)

Pragmatic structure

Rules governing how we use language

Pragmatic non verbal concept

Eye contact: 60-70% of the time, breaking every 3-5s

Proximity: 12ft= strangers/public, 5-12ft= social, 2-5ft= personal

Pragmatic changing based on context concept

How we approach demand vs request, who your talking to, establish common ground - no background info needed (inside jokes) = lexical entrainment = common term for something

Lexical entrainment

Having a common term for something (ex: abstract photos with lance)

What do you need for a dialect?

Phonemes (accents), semantics (words), and syntax (grammar)

brocas area

production of language

brocas aphasia

understand language but not able to speak

Wernickes area

understanding and comprehension

wernickes aphasia

speak well but it is scattered but doesn’t make sense

left side of the brain characteristics

production, reading, grammar, and concrete nouns

right side of the brain

emotional tone, humor, and abstract language

behaviorist

punishment and reinforcement shaped by environment

linguist

individual unique ability to use language (born with inate ability of grammar)

what does it mean to have an innate understanding of language?

innate means language is modular (only language is in that part of the brain)

what does it mean for language to be modular?

For language to only be part of one section of the brain

Chompsky

big theories telling us that it is uniquely related to humans and not animals

language acquisition device, universal grammar, and genetic mechanisms

what does it mean for language to be non modular?

things that help us learn language help us learn other things (cognition skills like pattern recognition, social building blocks)

examples of social building blocks

joint attention: pay attention to what others pay attention to like looking and pointing

Like me hypothesis: babies know they are human when born and not like a bird

what’s an example of the born with the innate ability of grammar?

fake language of a wug

how does language focus how we think?

detail oriented, gender nouns, self vs others focused

what are the benefits of being multi-lingual?

expertise in first language, awareness of language being arbitrary, follow complicated instructions, higher non-verbal intelligence, protection against dementia, higher attention abilities, better working memory, and higher creative measures

what are the 3 steps in defining the problem?

1. problem identification

2. formulating strategy

3. allocate resource

problem identification

representation/defining with precision and explicit detail

formulating strategy parts

analysis, synthesis, divergent thinking, and convergent thinking

analysis

big problems broken down into manageable parts

synthesis

put together some elements into a solution

divergent thinking

brainstorming with a wide range of solutions

convergent thinking

narrowing down solutions

allocate resources include what?

time, money, materials, etc

examples of the three steps in solving issues?

couple with communication problems and a student trying to pay for tuition

functional fixedness

using objects in the way they were designed and assigning stable uses for objects

How does functional fixedness influence problem solving?

when there is functional fixedness, there is less thinking outside the box and less flexibility to be creative with affordances

hill climbing theory

going backwards can lead to more progress

example of hill climbing theory

rooster, corn, fox, and farmer game

how does the hill climbing heuristic prevent problem solving?

stereotype threat

stereotype about identity impacts the performance of an individual

how to get out of stereotype threat?

fair testing, fair and effective feedback, belonging, models in the class, and value affirmation

stereotype threat explanation

impact on working memory, drop in performance and those not aware of stereotype had no effect, example: kids being tested vs game = IQ results - showed no ability difference

example: chess and gender online, and + stereotype with math ability with Asian-female

Creativity

effective problem solving

criteria for creativity

originality and worth-whileness

facts about creativity

produce more than less creative ppl, know more, novel ideas, and more openness

divergent measurements to measure creativity

divergent thinking, fluency, flexibility, elaboration, and originality

convergent measurements to measure creativity

remote association

example of measuring creativity

how many uses can you find for a ping pong ball

system 1 of decision making

fast decision making with shortcuts (heuristics)

system 2 of decision making

slower method that is rational and uses an algorithm

algorithm for system 2

guaranteed right answer by factoring in every possibility before making decisions

heuristic

mental shortcuts that factor only part of the information

heuristic approach to decision making compared to an algorithm approach?

heuristic makes fast short cuts but we rely on this more even if it is incorrect

algorithm is a slow process of weighing every option to get the right answer but if we use it too much then we are late and everything takes forever

representative heuristic

judge the likelihood of something based on how well it matches ur idea/model/stereotype of it (based on experience)

problem of the representative heuristic

not everyone fits into the boxes in our mind and we over rely on it even if we get it wrong

example of the representative heuristics

lawyer party with 1 engineer, you meet jack who has characteristics of a engineer, what is his profession?

George Zimmerman - shooting 17y black kid… :(