conservation 2

Major threats to birds

conversion of land to plantations and cattles ranches, change of habitats for human needs, climate change, loss of places for birds to move to, predation (india bird nests), pollution, disease

rapid decline of common species

poison being used in farms to avoid pests eating, killed common vultures, after common species was noticed to be declining, solution implemented

Island like habitats

habitat loss and fragmentation, concern with connectivity, need to allow recolonization to prevent extinction

California Spotted Owl

in pacific northwest where trees are valuable, disturbance sensitive to loss of mature forest, fragmented areas, by remaining connectivity between fragments to allow for immigration to pods

metapopulation

group of spatially separated, small populations of same species that interact through migration and recolonization (spotted owl and scrub jay)

fragmented population and metapopulation

current management practices account for fragmented populations, rate of recolonization must exceed rate of local extinction

equilibrium thoery

island biogeography, not as predictive as metapopultion, used in conservation ecology, implication for loss of species

fragmentation

agriculture leaving patches along waterways in well managed landspace (farms), need connecticity corridors, but most people will remove these

small populations

can be a result of fragmentation, smaller populations have greater risk of extintion, can suffer from inbreeding

habitat fragmentation

small patches recive fewer colonists, greater edge effects, conversion of habitats to agricuklture and other human land use

habitat patches and edge

core has dense rich population, edge is subject to increasing factors, fragmentation could cause too much edge

Cowbirds

like to parasite nests around the edge habitat, generalist species, are not area senstive

core habitat issues

dependent on being away from edge, fragmention, now is very sensitive

Large birds in Brazil

too big for fragmented habitats, trees develop smaller seeds so that birds can carry their seeds around

Palm trees

remnants evolve to produce smaller seeds when large billed birds go locally extinct, make smaller and less stress tolerant seeds

Legal and Illegal trade

US largest importers, expenseive, possible disease vectors, parrots,