Ch. 48 Pt. 4 (LAST)

types of neurotransmitters , neurotoxins, types of drugs

how many known neurotransmitters are there & what are the 5 groups?

100 known nuerotransmitters

1) other

2) amino acids

3) Biogenic Amines

4) neuropeptides

5) gases

neurotransmitter in the “other” group

1) acetylcholine

neurotransmitters in the Amino Acids group

1) GABA

2) Glutamate

3) Glycine

neurotransmitters in the Biogenic Amines group

1) Norepinephrine

2) Dopamine

3) Serotonin

neurotransmitters in the Neuropeptides group

1) Substance P

2) Endorphin

neurotransmitters in the Gases group

1) Nitric Oxide

2) Carbon monoxide

Excitatory Neurotransmitters

1) Glutamate

2) Norepinephrine

3) Substance P

4) nitric oxide

“glutamate never stops neurons”

Inhibitory Neurotransmitters

1) GABA

2) Glycine

3) Serotonin

4) Endorphin

5) Carbon Monoxide

“GABA Gives Sleep Energy Control”

Both Excitatory & Inhibitory Neurotransmitters

1) Acetylcholine

2) Dopamine

Which neurotransmitter is found ONLY in the CNS?

Carbon Monoxide

-think “C”

Neurotransmitters found in both CNS & PNS?

1) acetylcholine

2) amino acids

3) biogenic amines

4) neuropeptides

5) nitric oxide

EVERYTHING except Carbon Monoxide

neurons can only release 1 type of neurotransmitter. True or False?

FALSE. neurons can release 2 or more types of neurotransmitters

release of neurotransmitters can be determined by…..

Ca2+ entry & differences in neurotransmitter size & proximity to cell membrane

ligand-gated ion channels are also called ______

ionotropic receptors

2 types of receptors Acetylcholine can bind to?

acetylcholine is the one of the most common neurotransmitters in vertebrates

1) ligand-gated neuromuscular junction

2) metabotropic receptor

what happens when acetylcholine binds to a ligand-gated neuromuscular junction?

causes muscle contraction (Excitatory effect)

what happens when acetylcholine binds to a metabotropic receptor?

slows down heart rate (inhibitory effect)

function of the Glutamate neurotransmitter

most common neurotransmitter in the brain (excitatory effects)

function of the GABA neurotransmitter

GABA is at most inhibitory synapses in the brain

tell me about the biogenic amines(dopamine & serotonin)

neurotransmitters released in the brain that affect sleep, mood, attention, & learning

what are neurotoxins?

exogenous chemicals that can adversely affect nervous system function

types of neurotoxins

1) botox

2) sarin

3) strychnine

botox function

neurotoxin that inhibits acetylcholine(muscle contractions)

-think “no muscle contractions=no wrinkles”

sarin function

inhibits acetylcholinesterase: enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine

-leads to muscle spasms & even cessation of breathing

strychnine function

(rat poison)

inhibits glycine→leads to muscle spasms or death

effect of valium ?

drug that increases inhibitory effect of GABA=essentially shuts off brain

effect of opiates?

inhibits GABA=increases amt of dopamine

-increases feelings of euphoria but depresses respiratory system=can’t breath

effect of hallucinogens

mimics serotonin, which involved in mood, cognition, & perception

-causes hallucinations

example of synthetic opiate

fentanyl

Types of Drugs

1) agonist

2) antagonist

3) Inverse Agonist

4) Neuromodulator

effect of agonist

drug binds to receptor & has same effect as the neurotransmitter

effect of antagonist

drug blocks the action of neurotransmitter

effect of inverse agonist

drug binds to the receptor & has opposite effect to neurotransmitter

neuromodulator

binds elsewhere to receptor & affects action of neurotransmitter

endogenous vs. exogenous

endogenous→ having internal cause or orgin

exogenous→originating from outside an organism