Seungwon Lee CHAPTER 8 Endocrinology

Pituitary gland

produces antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Thyroid Gland

produces thyroxin and calcitonin

Parathyroid gland

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Adrenal glands

medulla and cortex; produces epinephrine(adrenaline) and mineralocorticoids(aldosterone)

Pancreas

Pancreatic islets “Islets of Langerhans”; produces insulin (beta cells) and glucagon(alpha cell)

Testes

produces testosterone

Ovaries

produce estrogen and progesterone

Thyroxin

increases metabolic reactions associated with energy production, growth and development

Calcitonin

lowers blood calcium and phosphate levels

Synthroid

medicine taken for cretinism

Hypothyroidism

low in thyroxin

Cretinism

short in stature, development delays, part of newborn screening

Hyperthyroidism

excess in thyroxine

Parathyroid hormone

increases blood calcium levels and lowers blood phosphorus levels

Hypocalcemia

osteoporosis; low in calcium

Adrenal medulla

outer adrenal gland

Adrenal cortex

inner adrenal gland

Epinephrine (adrenaline)

increases metabolic rate, heart rate, breathing and blood flow to muscles during exercise

Aldosterone

causes kidneys to retain salt and water, and excrete potassium into the urine

Cortisol

stress hormone; raises blood sugar level

Addison’s Disease

low coritsol

Cushing’s Disease

too much cortisol

Insulin

lowers blood sugar level

Glucagon

raises blood sugar level

Diabetes mellitus

low insulin level

Glycogenesis

creation of glycogen

Glycogenolysis

breaking down of glycogen

Testosterone

masculinizing hormone

Estrogen

Feminizing hormone

Progesterone

increases vascularization of uterus (grow blood vessels)

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

Maintain vascularization of uterus during pregnancy

Placenta

produces chorionic gonadotropin

Gestation

pregnancy