Psychology- Chapter 6 &7: Learning & Memory

CHAPTER 6

LEARNING

conditioned response

a learned response to a previous neutral stimulus; the reaction

conditioned stimulus

a learned response to a previous neutral response; the association

continuous reinforcement

reinforcement of a behavior everytime it occurs

counterconditioning

a excersise where a pleasent stimulus is paired with a fearful one, conteractinf the fear.

discrimination

the act of responding differently to stimuli that are not similar.

extinction

when a conditioned stimulus is no longer followed by a unconditioned stimulus, it looses its ability to bring a conditioned

flooding

a method where a person is exposed to the harmless stimulus until fear responses to the stimulus are extinguished

generalization

the act of responding in the same ways to stimuli that seem to be the same, even if they are not identical.

latent learning

learning that remains hidden until it is needed is called latent learning

negative reinforcement

increases the frequency of the behavior that follows when they are removed.

neutral stimulus

a stimulus that initally has no effect

partial reinforcement

a behavior that is not reinforced everytime it is going to happen/occur

positive reinforcement

increase the frequency of the behavior they follow when applied

PQ4R

a way to remember stuff

primary reinforcers

biological makeups of an organism; aspects of basic survival

punishment

unpleasant; increase behavior when removed

reinforcement

the process by which a stimulus increases the chances that the preceding behavior will occur again

secondary reinforcers

must be learned; ex. money, attention, and social approval

shaping

a way if teaching complex behaviors in which one first reinforces small steps in the right direction

spontaneous recovery

the reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response over time

systematic desensitization

a method where people are taught relaxation technique

taste aversion

A learned avoidance of a particular food

unconditioned response

the name of the automatic response; this is the rxn

unconditioned stimulus

causes an automatic response that is NOT learned

CHAPTER 7

MEMORY

Acoustic Codes

using sounds to remember information

anterograde amnesia

memory loss from trauma that prevents a person from making new memories

chunking

organizing items into familiar or manageable units

context-dependent memories

memories that come back to you in a certain place

decay

a process where the memory starts to fade away

echoic memory

mental traces of sounds that are held over time

eidetic memory

remembering visual stimuli over a long time

elaborative rehearsal

a memory process where new info is linked to already known info

encoding

translation of information that enters throigh the senses

episodic memory

a memory of a specific event

iconic memory

brief photographic memory

implicit memory

memories that are implied (riding a bike)

interference

new information taking place of the old ones

long-term memory

type of memory which permenently holds information

maintenance rehearsal

repeating information over and over again in order to remember it

primacy effect

tendency to recall the first items in the list

recency effect

tendency to recall the last items in the list

retrieval

the process where one locates stored information & brings it back to conscious thought

retrograde amnesia

the action where the person forgets the period before a tramatic event

schemas

organization of information bits that form into knowledge

semantic codes

connecting term to meaning in order to remember it

semantic memory

general knowlege we know

sensory memory

the inital recording of information that enters through our senses

short-term memory

memory that holds information briefly before it is forgotten

state-dependent memories

retrieved memory which are brought back due to to similar emotions from when they were encoded

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

when you feel like you know something, but can not verbalize it.

visual codes

trying to form a mental picture to remember things.