PTI extra help

Roll (Rock)

Multiple points along one rotating articular surface contact multiple points on another articular surface.

Slide (Glide)

A single point on one articular surface contacts multiple points on another articular surface.

Spin

A single point on one articular surface rotates on a single point on another articular surface.

Translation

Linear motion in which all parts of a rigid object move parallel to and in the same direction as every other part.

Rotation

Motion in which a rigid body moves in a circular path around a pivot point.

Curvilinear

A combination of translation and rotation.

Sagittal Plane

Frontal / Medial-Lateral (X-axis) movement example: Flexion / Extension.

Frontal Plane

Anterior-Posterior / AP (Z-axis) movement example: Abduction / Adduction.

Horizontal (Transverse) Plane

Vertical / Longitudinal (Y-axis) movement example: Internal / External Rotation.

Tension Force

Equal and opposite loads applied away from the surface of a structure (stretching).

Compression Force

Equal and opposite loads applied towards the surface of a structure (squeezing/smushing).

Bending Force

A combination of three or more loads applied to a structure, causing it to bend about an axis external to itself.

Shear Force

Opposing loads applied parallel to the surface of a structure (sliding/friction forces).

Torsion Force

Opposing loads applied to the structure resulting in a twisting motion about an internal axis.

Tension

Equal and opposite loads applied away from the surface of a structure.

Compression

Equal and opposite loads applied toward the surface of a structure.

Bending

Combination of 3 or more loads applied to a structure, causing it to bend about an axis external to itself.

Shear

Opposing loads applied parallel to the surface of a structure.

Torsion

Opposing loads applied to the surface of a structure, resulting in a twisting about an internal axis.

50-80 µs

A-Beta sensory fibers (tingling); Conventional TENS / IFC.

125-200 µs

Smaller muscles (motor); NMES / Russian Stim.

200-350 µs

Larger muscles (motor); NMES / Russian Stim.

150-300 µs

Muscle + A-Delta fibers; Acupuncture-like TENS / IFC.

Glycolytic system typical operation time

5-60 seconds.

Glycolytic system peak activity point

15 seconds.

Glycolytic system byproduct

Lactic acid.

Oxidative system characteristics

Long duration, <85% max HR, ATP made slowly.

Phosphagen System (ATP-PC system)

Uses stored ATP and phosphocreatine to rapidly create ATP without oxygen; fuels short, explosive activity lasting about 6-10 seconds.

Phosphagen System examples

100m sprint, single heavy lift, jumping.

Anaerobic Glycolytic System (Glycolysis)

Breaks down glucose without oxygen; produces ATP quickly and creates lactic acid; lasts about 10 seconds to 2-3 minutes.

Anaerobic Glycolytic System examples

400m sprint, 8-12 repetitions in weightlifting, tennis point.

Aerobic System (Oxidative System)

Uses oxygen to break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins to create ATP; efficient for long-duration activity.

Aerobic System examples

Long-distance running, cycling, swimming, walking, maintaining posture.

Reps for strength and power

0-6 reps.

Reps for high-intensity endurance

6-12 reps.

Reps for moderate endurance

12-20 reps.

Reps for low-intensity endurance

20-30 reps.

Active Insufficiency

Reduced capacity of a muscle to produce active tension when placed on slack across multiple joints; "too short to produce force."

Passive Insufficiency

Inability of a multi-joint muscle to lengthen enough to allow full ROM at all joints crossed simultaneously; "too long to allow motion."

Orthodromic

Normal physiological direction of nerve impulse conduction.

Antidromic

Opposite, non-physiological direction of nerve impulse conduction.

Neuropraxia

Temporary conduction block with nerve structure intact; recovery is usually quick and complete.

Axonotmesis

Axon damaged but connective tissue coverings remain intact; recovery is slow and may be incomplete.

Neurotmesis

Complete severance of the nerve and coverings; poor recovery without surgery.

Linear Motion

Movement in a straight line.

Curvilinear Motion

Movement along a curved path.

Angular Motion

Rotation around a central axis or point.

General Motion

Combination of linear and angular motion.