HEALTH UNIT 3 SAC 3

‘Old’ public health (1900-1960)

Government actions focused on altering the physical environment to help reduce of infectious diseases

infectious diseases

diseases/illnesses caused by infectious agents/toxic products

dirahhea

loose/watery stool during bowel movement caused by infections

cholera

bacterial infection causing severe dehydration & diarrhea

measles

contagious infection causing fever, rash, runny nose

small pox

infection causing severe rash & fever, has been eradicated since 1977

tuberculosis

bacterial infection affecting the lungs

typhoid

bacterial infection causing fever,diarrhea, abdominal pain

Improved access to clean drinking water

 reduced spread of infectious conditions - diarrhoea, cholera, typhoid = decreased prevalence

Improved sanitation & better sewage disposal

improved waste disposal + removal of sewage = reduced prevalence of diarrhoea, cholera

Improved working conditions

improved working regulations = improved ventilation - reduction in respiratory diseases like tuberculosis = decrease of prevalence of tuberculosis

Improved working regulations

reduction in workplace accidents/injuries = improved life expectancy

Improved food & nutrition

 improvements in food safety + standards = reduce transmission of bacteria/viruses w/ food = decrease in prevalence & mortality of infectious diseases like cholera

Improved housing quality;

laws + regulations ensuring improved ventilation & sewage = limiting prevalence & mortality from respiratory diseases like whooping cough

Quarantine laws

reduced spread of infectious diseases like measles from people arriving from overseas = decreasing prevalence & incidence of measles

Introduction of mass immunisation programs

 mass vaccinations for tuberculosis & whooping cough

biomedical model

biological & physical aspects of disease & illness that is associated w/ diagnosis, treatment & cure of disease + illness

social model

model of health focused on preventing health conditions by directing efforts addressing physical, sociocultural & political environments

ottowa charter

document created by World Health Organisation (WHO) outlining conditions required to promote high levels of H&W

Build healthy public policy

government & organisational laws/policies that seek to make healthier choices + behaviours easier while also aiming to discourage choices

Create supportive environments

developing physical + sociocultural environments that promote H&W & options to engage w/ healthy behaviours

Strengthen community actions

providing opportunity for individuals to work together w/ their community to achieve common goal

Develop personal skills

opportunity for development of knowledge + skills that contribute to improved health outcomes

Reorient health services

altering health system/services to focus on promoting H&W & preventing health conditions

quit Victoria

program that assists ppl who buy cigarettes with services and support to quit and stay quit - run by cancer councill recieving funding from vic health + vic government

build healthy public policy QUIT

quit works with the government to help shape leglislations and policies regarding smoking eg flavour restrictions, over the counter purchasing and pharmacy only sales

create supportive environments QUIT

offers a quitline phone service where councellors provide friendly and supportive councelling that is free and highly acessable

strenghten community actions QUIT

works with communities and groups such as indigenous groups, multiculutral groups and local councills to provide recourses and ensure that the communities are equippet to support people to quit.

reorient health services QUIT

provides training programs for health professionals so they can upskill their knowlege and skills to help ppl quit

develop personal skills QUIT

tools and recourses avaliable on the website to build a plan to quit

deadly choice

preventative health program that empowers ATSI people to make positive lifestyle choices

create supportice envir DC

provides free tool so ATSI people can find local clinics where they can recive an annual ‘715 health check’ which focues on preventative health

build healthy public policy DC

partnered with Federal gov to expand the program across australia so ATSI can receive comprehensive health assessments

strenghten community actions DC

connects with local ppl so they can acess regular health checkups and vaccinations

develop personal skills DC

a program within DC called ‘healthy lifestyle program’ which provides education for ATSI youth on topics such as nutrition and physical activity

social justice

 fairness w/in society, the fair & equitable distribution of resources, opportunities & privileges in society

australian dietary guidelines

 recommendations on types & quantities of foods Australians should consume (to maintain optimal h&w)

ADG 1

‘To achieve & maintain a healthy weight, be physically active & choose amounts of nutritious food & drinks to meet you energy needs’

ADG 1 link to HS

children/adolescents eating sufficient nutritious foods to develop normally = reduction in infant & under 5 mortality

ADG 2

 ‘Enjoy a wide variety of nutritious foods from these five groups every day & drink plenty of water’ Vegetables 

• Fruits

• Grains

• Meats/poultry

• milk/dairy

ADG 2 link to HS

• Consumption of fruits = consuming antioxidants which help neutralise free radicals that lead to cancer = reducing prevalence of cancer

ADG 3

‘Limit intake of foods containing saturated fat, added salt, added sugars & alcohol; 

ADG 3 link to HS

High intake of fat = excess consumption of energy dense foods causing weight gain = increasing prevalence of obesity

ADG 4

‘Encourage, support & promote breastfeeding’

ADG 5

‘Care for your food, prepare & store it safely’

australian guide to healthy eating

VISUAL food selection tool designed to compliment the Australian Dietary Guidelines (ADH) Visually represents dietary recommendations of guidelines 2 & 3 of Australian Dietary Guidelines

ATSI AGHE

A culturally relevant version of the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating adapted for Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Peoples eg. kangaroo, bush fruit, damper

medicare

Australia’s universal health insurance scheme where federal government pays for some or all of necessary healthcare costs eg. diagnostic imaging, pathology tests

medicare covers

emergency care treatment

surgeries

gp cosultations

mental health services

medicare DOSENT cover

ambulance services

private allied health services

elective/cosmetic services

bulk billing

where no out of pocket cost is required and the medical service from health professional is free of charge covered by medicare

schedule fee

amount the government deems paid to health professionals for their medical service/procedure

out of pocket costs

difference b/w the amount a health professional charges for a medical service & what Medicare pays

Medicare safety net

 when a threshold out of pocket costs is reached on Medicare services in a calendar year, out of pocket costs following this are reduced in price (creates equity)

medicare levy

2% tax Australian tax payers pay to contribute to funding Medicare

medicare levy surcharge

additional 1-1.5% tax paid by Australian taxpayers who are considered high-income earners (also an incentive to leave public and join private)

The Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme

 federal government scheme subsidising costs of essential medicine for Australians (only subsidising essential medication improves sustainability)

PBS safety net

when a threshold amount of co payments is reached on PBS medicines in a calendar year, rest of co payments are reduced (equity)

National Disability Insurance Scheme

 NDIS provides funding to eligible people w/ a disability to give them greater independence, new skills, jobs, etc 

Private Health Insurance

members pay a premium fee to access additional health services & support not covered by Medicare

Private health insurance initatives

Medicare levy surcharge (high income earners who usually required to pay medicare levy surcharge are NOT required to pay if they have PHI)

Private health insurance rebate (government provided refund/rebate on part of cost of annual PHI)

Age based discount (people aged between 18-29 offered a discount if they take out PHI that lasts until they reach 41)