basic prin disease ch 2 study guide and quiz

DNA

Contains genetic information

RNA

Assists in protein synthesis

Nucleus

Controls cell activities

Cytoplasm

Contains organelles and cellular structures

Mitochondria

Produce ATP and cellular energy

ATP

Primary energy source for cellular reactions

Rough

Endoplasmic Reticulum Protein production

Smooth

Endoplasmic Reticulum Lipid production and detoxification

Golgi

Apparatus Processes and packages proteins

Lysosome

Digestive organelle containing enzymes

Cytoskeleton

Provides cell structure and support

Epithelium

Protective tissue covering body surfaces

Connective Tissue

Supports and connects body structures

Collagen Fibers

Strong supportive fibers

Elastic Fibers

Stretch and return to original shape

Adipose Tissue

Stores energy and insulates body

Cartilage

Flexible supportive connective tissue

Neuron

Nerve cell transmitting impulses

Neuroglia

Support cells of nervous system

Diffusion

Movement from high to low concentration

Osmosis

Movement of water across membrane

Active Transport

Requires energy to move substances

Phagocytosis

Cell engulfing particles

Atrophy

Decrease in cell size

Hypertrophy

Increase in cell size

Hyperplasia

Increase in cell number

Metaplasia

Replacement of one adult cell type with another

Dysplasia

Abnormal cell growth and maturation

Necrosis

Cell death caused by injury

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death

Levels of Organization

Cells → tissues → organs → organ systems → organism

Disease Development

Abnormalities at any level can disrupt normal body function

Function of DNA

Stores and transmits genetic information

Rough ER vs. Smooth ER

Rough ER produces proteins; smooth ER produces lipids and detoxifies substances

Function of Mitochondria

Produce ATP energy

Lysosomes

Contain digestive enzymes that break down substances

Four Tissue Types

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

Exocrine vs. Endocrine Glands

Exocrine glands use ducts; endocrine glands secrete hormones into bloodstream

Function of Connective Tissue

Provides support, protection, and connection

Muscle Comparison

Smooth = involuntary; striated = voluntary skeletal; cardiac = heart muscle

Diffusion vs. Osmosis

Diffusion moves solutes; osmosis moves water

Active Transport

Requires cellular energy (ATP)

Phagocytosis vs. Pinocytosis

Phagocytosis engulfs particles; pinocytosis engulfs fluids

Atrophy

Decrease in cell size

Hypertrophy

Increase in cell size

Hyperplasia

Increase in cell number

Metaplasia vs. Dysplasia

Metaplasia is adaptive replacement; dysplasia is abnormal growth

Cell Swelling

Sodium and water accumulation in injured cells

Fatty Change

Fat accumulation due to impaired metabolism

Necrosis vs. Apoptosis

Necrosis = injury-related death; apoptosis = programmed cell death

Fat stored in adipose tissue functions as stored energy, as well as padding and insulation. True or false?

True

Paracrine and endocrine refer to types of which of the following?

Cell signaling

Neoplasia is a term for dysplastic cells that undergo malignant transformation. True or false?

True

Reduction in the size of cells in response to less favorable conditions.

atrophy

An increase in the size of a tissue or organ due to an increased number of cells.

hyperplasia

The normal osmolarity of blood and body fluids is 300 Osm/L. A person with severe diabetes and greatly elevated blood glucose has a blood osmolarity of 370 Osm/L. Which of the following events will result from the increased osmolarity?

Water shifts by osmosis from the cells into the extracellular fluid.

Long, flexible fibers that are strong but do not stretch.

collagen fibers

Tissues used for support, motion, circulation, urination, and generation.

mesoderm

Tissues that form the external covering of the body and organs that contact the external environment.

ectoderm

Dysplasia of epithelial cells sometimes results from which of the following?

Chronic irritation or inflammation

Fibers that stretch readily and return to their former shape.

elastic fibers

The collection of cells that gives rise to the distinct germ layers.

inner cell mass

Parenchyma is the total mass of functional tissue. true or false

True

Endocrine glands discharge their secretions directly into the bloodstream, while secretions from exocrine glands discharge through ducts. true or false

True

Various supporting tissues such as cartilage and bone are derived from the endoderm. true or false

False

During contraction of a muscle fiber, actin filaments slide outward and lengthen the fiber. true or false

False

Phagocytosis is a method by which cells ingest particles that are too large to cross through the cell membrane by other means. true or false

True

The activities of the cell are directed by which cell structure?

Nucleus

What’s true about Mesothelium?

Mesothelium is a type of flat epithelium lining the pleural cavity and external surface of the lung.

An extracellular material into which various fibers are embedded.

matrix

The function of lysosomes is to:

break down particles or worn-out cellular components.

Thin, delicate fibers that form in a fine meshwork to support organs such as the liver.

reticulin fibers

During contraction of a muscle fiber, actin filaments slide outward and lengthen the fiber. true or false

False