ANSC 303 CHO

Carbohydrates

Organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, classified into structural and nonstructural forms.

Structural carbohydrates (SCHO)

Fiber that is not hydrolyzed by mammalian enzymes but can be hydrolyzed by microbial enzymes.

Nonstructural carbohydrates (NCHO)

Starches and sugars that can be hydrolyzed by both mammalian and microbial enzymes.

Monosaccharides

Single sugar units, such as glucose, galactose, and fructose, absorbed by enterocytes.

Disaccharides

Two sugar molecules linked by glycosidic bonds, examples include lactose, sucrose, and maltose.

Polysaccharides

Long chains of sugar molecules linked by glycosidic bonds, such as starch and cellulose.

Cellulose

A structural polysaccharide made of glucose linked by beta glycosidic bonds, found in plant cell walls.

Glycogen

A storage polysaccharide made up of glucose, primarily found in muscle and liver.

Amylase

An enzyme that hydrolyzes starch into sugars; types include salivary amylase and pancreatic amylase.

Glycolysis

The metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP in the process.

Insulin

A hormone produced by the pancreas which decreases blood glucose levels and facilitates glucose uptake by cells.

Glucagon

A hormone produced by the pancreas that increases blood glucose levels by promoting gluconeogenesis.

VFA (Volatile Fatty Acids)

Short-chain fatty acids produced during fermentation in the rumen, including acetate, propionate, and butyrate.

Ruminal acidosis

A condition characterized by excessive lactic acid production, leading to a decrease in ruminal pH.

Reticulorumen

The first compartment of the ruminant stomach, characterized by a honeycomb appearance, with numerous papillae to increase surface area.

Amylolytic Bacteria

Bacteria that break down starch into simpler sugars during fermentation in the rumen.

Cellulolytic Bacteria

Bacteria that digest cellulose into glucose and other products through fermentation.

GLUT4

A glucose transporter that is insulin-dependent, found in muscle and adipose tissues.

Fiber

Plant-based carbohydrates that are not digested by mammals but can be fermented by microbes.

Lignin

A complex organic polymer that is not a carbohydrate and decreases the digestibility of cellulose.

MCP (Microbial Crude Protein)

Protein derived from microbial sources, important for the nutrition of ruminants.

NCHO Digestion

The process through which nonstructural carbohydrates are broken down in the digestive tract.