Mineral Basics
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going over basics of minerals
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35 Terms
Q: What are minerals?
A: Inorganic elements with a crystalline structure
Q: Difference between macrominerals and microminerals?
A:
Macrominerals: needed in grams/day
Microminerals: needed in micrograms/day
Q: What % of the body (water-free) is mineral?
A: ~3–5%
Q: Which two minerals make up most of the body’s mineral content?
A: Calcium (~50%) and phosphorus (~25%)
Q: How many macrominerals are there?
A: 7
Q: What are the 3 groups of macrominerals?
A:
Bone minerals: Ca, P, Mg
Electrolytes: Na, Cl, K
Sulfur: component of organic compounds
Q: Where is most calcium found in the body?
A: 99% in bone
Q: Ideal Ca:P ratio?
A: ~2:1
Q: Calcium deficiency causes?
A: Rickets (young), osteomalacia (adults)
Q: What is “milk fever”?
A: Severe Ca deficiency → tetany (muscle spasms), common in early lactation
Q: What happens with excess calcium?
A: Reduces absorption of other minerals (Zn, Mg, Fe, etc.)
Q: Cause of urinary calculi (kidney stones)?
A: Imbalance of Ca:P (too much P relative to Ca)
Q: Where is most phosphorus found?
A: 80% in bone
Q: Key roles of phosphorus?
A:
Bone structure
ATP/energy metabolism
DNA/RNA
Cell membranes
Q: Phosphorus deficiency signs?
A:
Rickets
Pica (eating non-food items)
Poor fertility
Q: Key concern with phosphorus toxicity?
A: Disrupts Ca balance → bone loss
Q: Where is Mg located in the body?
A: 50% bone, 50% soft tissue
Q: Main function of Mg?
A: Energy metabolism
Q: What is grass tetany?
A: Mg deficiency → muscle spasms (often due to high potassium)
Q: Mg toxicity signs?
A: Reduced intake, diarrhea, loss of reflexes
Q: Main function of Na, K, Cl?
A: Acid-base balance
Q: How are electrolyte levels controlled?
A: Excess excreted in urine
Q: Potassium deficiency signs?
A: Muscle weakness, poor growth, abnormal heart function
Q: What does high potassium do?
A: Reduces magnesium absorption
Q: Sodium deficiency signs?
A: Poor growth, animals may drink urine
Q: Sodium toxicity cause?
A: High salt + lack of water
Q: Chloride deficiency effect?
A: Reduced growth
Q: Is chloride toxicity common?
A: No, very rare
Q: Main role of sulfur?
A: Component of amino acids and vitamins
Q: Sulfur deficiency signs?
A: Poor hair/feather growth, weight loss
Q: Sulfur toxicity condition?
A: Polioencephalomalacia (PEM)
Q: What is polioencephalomalacia (PEM)?
A: Neurological disorder causing brain damage (“star-gazing”)
Q: What often triggers PEM?
A: High sulfur intake or rapid diet change
Q: Most important mineral ratio to remember?
A: Ca:P = ~2:1
Q: Most common mineral-related issues?
A: Deficiencies and imbalances (not toxicity)