chemistry second semester

Solution

A homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances, where a solute is dissolved in a solvent.

solvent

the component in a solution that dissolves the solute.

solute

the substance that is dissolved in a solvent to form a solution.

hydrogen bonds

Weak interactions between polar molecules that occur when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom is attracted to another electronegative atom.

surface tension

a force acting to pull a liquid surface into the smallest possible area.

hydration

the process of molecules with any charge separation to collect water molecules around them.

water dissolves …

ionic and polar substances.

what charge does a glucose molecule

A glucose molecule is neutral in solution, but it has polar -OH groups that can interact with water.

does electrolytes conduct electricity or not

Electrolytes conduct electricity when dissolved in water or molten, as they dissociate into ions.

dissociation

is the process by which an ionic compound separates into its constituent ions when dissolved in a solvent.

what compound is salt and does it dissociate?

yes and it is a ionic compound

what compound is sugar and does it dissociate?

no and it is an non-ionic compound

what dissolves what?

Polar solvents dissolve polar solutes

Nonpolar solvents dissolve nonpolar solutes

what is concentration in chemistry

the amount of each solute compared to the total solution. (mg/L)

what is a saturated solution

A solution in which the maximum amount of solute has been dissolved at a given temperature and pressure, resulting in equilibrium between dissolved and undissolved solute.

How does temperature affect solubility?

As temperature increases, the solubility of most solids typically increases, whereas the solubility of gases often decreases.

math for % concentration

% concentration =   grams of solute  x 100 

             grams of solution

Describing Concentration using Molarity

Molarity (M) = moles of solute 

      Liters of solution

Describing Concentration using ppm

ppm = mass of solute x 1,000,000

mass of solution

solubility

 the amount of a solute that will dissolve in a particular solvent at a particular temperature and pressure

what does a solubility curve tell you

Solubility Curves tell us how much solute will dissolve in 100g of a given solvent at various temperatures.

How does temperature impact solubility?

As temperature increases, the solubility of most solids in liquids generally increases, while the solubility of gases tends to decrease.

How does temperature impact reaction rate?

Increasing temperature typically increases reaction rates due to a rise in kinetic energy, leading to more frequent and effective collisions between reactant molecules.

What are electrolytes?

Electrolytes are substances that, when dissolved in water, dissociate into ions and conduct electricity. They play a crucial role in maintaining fluid balance and are essential for various physiological functions.

Unsaturated Solution

Holds less than the maximum 

amount of solute (you can still 

dissolve more!)

what is an acid

A substance that donates protons (H+) in solution and typically has a sour taste. Acids can react with bases in neutralization reactions to form salts and water. Acids donate H+ ions

what is a base

A base is a substance that can accept protons or donate electron pairs and typically produces hydroxide ions (OH−) when dissolved in water. Bases neutralize acids and are characterized by a bitter taste and slippery feel. Bases receive H+ ions

Define an acid and a base using the Arrhenius model and the Bronsted-Lowry Model.

An acid, according to the Arrhenius model, is a substance that increases the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in aqueous solution, while a base increases the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH−). In the Bronsted-Lowry model, an acid is defined as a proton donor and a base as a proton acceptor.

difference between strong and weak acids

Strong acids completely dissociate in solution to produce H+ ions, while weak acids partially dissociate, resulting in a lower concentration of H+ ions in solution.

Acid-Base Neutralization Reactions

acid + base - turns into- salt + water

Ex: HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) - turns into- Na+Cl-(aq) + H+OH-(l)

what order does the water cycle go in

-Precipitation

-Evaporation

-Condensation

-Transpiration

-Run-off

Why do you think ocean currents are important?

Ocean currents are important because they regulate global climate, distribute heat across the planet, and influence weather patterns. Additionally, they play a vital role in marine ecosystems by transporting nutrients and organisms.

List as many greenhouse gases at you can

Greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide (CO$2$), methane (CH$4$), nitrous oxide (N$2$O), fluorinated gases, water vapor (H$2$O), and ozone (O$_3$). These gases trap heat in the atmosphere, contributing to climate change.

What do greenhouse gases do?

Greenhouse gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, preventing it from escaping into space. This process enhances the greenhouse effect, leading to global warming and climate change.

What happens if the Earth’s Energy Budget is NOT balanced?

If the Earth's energy budget is not balanced, it can lead to climate change. An excess in absorbed energy causes global warming, while a deficit can result in cooling.

List 4 places where Carbon is found in our world

Carbon is found in the atmosphere as carbon dioxide (CO$*2$), in living organisms as part of biological molecules, in fossil fuels such as coal and oil, and in geological formations like limestone and carbonates.

What happens to CO₂ when it enters the ocean?

When CO$_2$ enters the ocean, it reacts with water to form carbonic acid, leading to ocean acidification and affecting marine life and ecosystems.

What happens when humans burn fossil fuels?

When humans burn fossil fuels, carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere, contributing to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. This process also produces other pollutants that can harm air quality.

How do humans impact the Carbon cycle?

Humans impact the carbon cycle through activities like burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and land-use changes, which increase carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere and disrupt natural carbon storage and exchanges.

conservation of mass

The law stating that mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction. This means that the total mass of reactants equals the total mass of products.

balanced chemical equation

A representation of a chemical reaction with equal numbers of atoms for each element on both sides, ensuring mass conservation.

breaking bonds …… energy

requires

creating bonds ……. energy

releases

Collision Theory

For a reaction to occur, particles have to collide with enough energy to break bonds.

What is equal at equilibrium?

The rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction.

What is not changing (constant) at equilibrium?

The concentrations of reactants and products.