Anatomy Test 5 Ch. 25

Functions of the respiratory system

functions are breathing (pulmonary ventilation), gas exchange, gas conditioning, sound production, olfaction, defense

Inhalation

inspiration, draws gases into lungs

Exhalation

expiration, forces gases out of lungs

External respiration

gas exchange between atmosphere and blood (inhaled O2 diffused into blood, CO2 diffuses into lungs to be exhaled)

Internal respiration

gas exchange between blood and the body’s cells (O2 is transported in blood → body’s cells, CO2 that cells produce → transported in blood back to lungs)

Gas conditioning

as air (gases) is inhaled, it is “conditioned” prior to reaching lungs as it comes in contact with mucus membranes

Sound production

as air is forced out of lungs → moves through the larynx (voice box)

Olfaction

superior nasal cavity is covered with olfactory epithelium that contains receptors for smell

Defense

protection against airborne pathogens (nose is lined with coarse hairs and twisted pathways to prevent large particles, microorganisms, and insects from entering

Upper respiratory tract

this consists of the nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx

Lower respiratory tract

this consists of the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, alveolar ducts, alveoli

Conditioned air

this air is warmed to body temperature, humidified and moistened, & cleansed of particulate matter (this is done by twisting pathways through nasal cavity & paranasal sinuses, the air becomes turbulent & stays in nasal cavity longer)

Superior, middle, & inferior nasal conchae

3-paired bony projections on lateral walls, these subdivide nasal cavity into separate air passages

Superior, middle, & inferior nasal meatuses

helps produce turbulent air (remains in nasal cavity longer), air becomes warmed, cleansed, and humidified (conditioned)

Primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli

what is the order of the bronchial tree branches?

Nose

main conducting airway for air, contains nostrils (leads to nasal cavity)

Function of nasal cavity

functions are filtration, conditioning, olfaction, chamber for sound

Paranasal sinuses

spaces with 4 skull bones, (frontal, ethmoidal, maxillary, sphenoidal) lined with pseudostratified columnar

Functions of paranasal sinuses

functions are to decrease skull weight, warm and humidify air, and resonate the voice

Pharynx

throat, common space used by respiratory and digestive systems, 3 sections

Nasopharynx

posterior to nasal cavity and superior to soft palate, lined with pseudostratified columnar, passes air, receives auditory tubes from middle ear that equalize pressure, houses pharyngeal tonsil

Oropharynx

posterior to oral cavity, lined with non-keratinized stratified squamous, passes air, food, and drink, houses palatine and lingual tonsils

Laryngopharynx

posterior to larynx, lined with non-keratinized stratified squamous, passes air, food, and drink

Lungs

primary organs of respiration, houses bronchial trees, located in thoracic cavity

Hilum

medial slit in which lung receives main bronchi

Right lung

larger and wider lung with 3 lobes

Left lung

smaller lung with 2 lobes

Trachea

windpipe

Tracheal cartilages

remain open at all times and are C shaped rings that allow room for esophagus

Bronchial tree

branching system of air-conditioning passages

Primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs

List the order of bronchial tree

Larynx

voice box, continuous with laryngopharynx and superior to trachea

Thyroid cartilage

forms anterior and lateral walls, largest cartilage (adams apple)

Cricoid cartilage

inferior to thyroid cartilage, connects larynx to trachea

Epiglottis

covers larynx during swallowing, directs food and drink to esophagus

Functions of larynx

passageway for air, prevents ingested materials from entering trachea, sound, increases pressure

Vocal folds

vibrate to produce sound when air passes b/t them

Vestibular folds

protect the vocal cords

Type I

simple squamous (95%) promotes rapid gas diffusion, makes alveoli prone to collapse

Type II

simple cuboidal (5%) secrete oily fluid (pulmonary surfactant) prevents alveoli from collapsing

Alveolar macrophages

engulf any microorganism or particulate matter that reaches alveoli

Visceral pleura

adheres to outer surface of lung

Parietal pleura

lines internal thoracic walls, mediastinum, and superior diaphragm

Quiet breathing

normal, rhythmic breathing at rest, w/o conscious effort (passive process)

Forced breathing

vigorous breathing that accompanies exercise or hard exertion (active process)

Quiet breathing

includes diaphragm and external intercostals, alternately contract (air moves in) and relaxes (air moves out)

Forced inhalation

includes the sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis minor, and erector spinae, helps elevate ribs to increase thoracic cavity volume more than quiet breathing

Forced exhalation

includes the internal intercostals and abdominal muscles, moves rib cage inferior, medial, or posterior to cause large decrease in thoracic cavity volume

Increase, decrease

during inhalation, there is an ___ in volume and ___ in pressure

Decrease, increase

during exhalation, there is an ___ in volume and ___ in pressure