Psychology 002 chapter 3 the brain

Neuraxis

Imaginary line drawn through the center of length of central nervous system, from the bottom of spinal cord to front of forebrain.

Ventral

Belly

Dorsal

Back

Lateral

Away from the center

Medial

Towards the center

Anterior

Face side

Posterior

Back of the head

What does the central nervous system contains?

Brain and spinal cord

Peripheral nervous system

Located outside of the school and spine and serves to bring information into the CNS and carry signals out of the CNS.

PNS somatic

Voluntary action

PNS autonomic

Involuntary action

Somatic Nervous System

Afferent nerves/sensory to collect info to the brain and Efferent nerves/motor

Autonomic (Rest+Digest)

Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves both are efferent

Sympathetic

Fight or flight second staging around our fire from the target organ

Parasympathetic

Rest and digest second stage neurons or near the target organ

What are the three types of meninges in the skull?

Dura mater.

Arachnoid.

Pia mater.

Dura mater

Tough outer membrane

Arachnoid

Web-like membrane

Pia mater

Adheres to CNS surface, thin and delicate.

Ventricle

Hollow spaces within brain which are filled with cerebrospinal fluid or CSF

Lateral ventricle

One of two ventricle is located in the center of telencephalon.

Third ventricle

Located in the center of the diencephalon.

Cerebral aqueduct

Narrow tube interconnecting third and fourth ventricles of the brain.

Fourth ventricle

Located between cerebellum and dorsal pons

Cerebrospinal fluid/CSF

Clear fluid similar to blood plasma that bills ventricular system of brain and sub arachnoid space surrounding brain and spinal cord.

Choroid plexus

Highly vascular tissue that protrudes into ventricles and produces CSF.

What physically protects the brain?

Skull

Meninges

CSF

What chemically protects the brain?

The blood brain barrier which is tightly packed cells of blood vessel walls preventing the entry of many molecules

Neurons

Specialized cells for the reception, conduction, and transmission of electrochemical signals.

Cytoplasm

Clear fluid inside a neuron

Vesicle

Fluid or air filled cavity

Unipolar neuron

A type of neuron in which only one protoplasmic process or neurites extends from the cell body.

Bipolar neuron

A type of neuron which has two extensions.

Multi polar neuron

A type of neuron that possesses a single usually long axon and Manny dendrites allowing for the integration of a great deal of information

Interneurons

I neuron that transmits impulses between other neurons only found in the CNS

Glial cells

Support cells that help communicate they outnumber neurons 10 to 1

What are the four classes of glial cells

Oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, astrocytes, microglia.

Oligodendrocytes

Extensions rich in myelin, create Myelin she's in CNS

Schwann cells

Similar function of Orlando sides but in PNS and can guide axonal regeneration.

Astrocytes

Largest glia star shaped feeds neurons and nurses them

Microglia

Involved in response for injury disease

Myelin-providing glia

CNS: Oligodendrocytes

PNS:

Schwann Cells

Clusters of cell bodies

CNS: nuclei (singular nucleus)

PNS: ganglia (singular ganglion)

Bundles of axons

CNS: Tracts

PNS: Nerves

Spinal cord

Long, congical structure.

Ventral roots

motor neurons

Dorsal roots

Sensory neurons

Gray matter

Inner component primarily cell bodies

White matter

Outer area mainly myelinated axons

Myelencephalon/Medulla

•Composed largely of tracts

•Origin of the reticular formation

•Controls a humans basic Vital functioning such as respiration, heartbeat, reflexes.

Metencephalon contains?

Pons: ventral surface

Cerebellum: coordination

Pons

•contains a portion of reticular formation

•contains a large nucleus that relays info from cerebral cortex to cerebellum

What does the pons play a role in?

Movement, attention, alertness, sleep

Cerebellum

•visual

•auditory

•vestibular

•somatosensory

Somatosensory

Relating or denoting a sensation

What are the effects of cerebellar damage?

Jerky, poorly coordinated movements

Reticular formation

Net like mixture of neurons/gray matter and nerve fibers/white matter also stimulates the warm rain

What does the reticular formation stimulate?

The forebrain

Midbrain

Surrounds cerebral aqueduct and consists of two major parts

What are the two major parts of the membrane?

Tectum and Tegmentum

Tectum(roof)

Controls simple reflexes and orients I and ear movements

Two parts of tectum?

•Inferior colliculi/visual system

•superior colliculi/auditory system.

Tegmentum/periaqueductal gray

Surrounds cerebral aqueduct, contains the Nero circuits involved in perception of pain.

Tegmentum/ substantia nigra

Integration of Voluntary movement

Red nucleus

Brings motor information from cortex and cerebellum to spinal cord/involved in controlling basic movement and posture adjustment.

Thalamus in diencephalon

Relay station for all senses

(Inside thalamus) lateral geniculate nucleus

•Group of cell bodies

•receives fibers from retina and projects to primary visual cortex

How much does the brain weigh?

3 pounds

What does the amygdala control

Emotion

What part of the brain processes fear

Frontal cortex

Striatum

Has dense dopamine receptors also voluntary movement

What is a statistic for a psychopath

1 in 100 people

When is the brain formed?

Within the first few weeks of life.

Thalamus

•Sensory switchboard

•info is collected and interpreted

•helps cerebral cortex communicate

•smell is not detected

Hypothalamus

Master gland for all hormones and controls the four F's

What are the four F's?

Feeding fight or flight and fornication.

What percentage of the brain does the cerebral cortex make up?

Top 10%

What are the purpose of the convolutions in the cerebral cortex?

To increase surface area

Longitudinal fissure

A groove that separates right and left hemisphere

Corpus callosum

Bundle of nerves that connect the hemispheres

What are the four fissures in the brain

Occipital, Temporal, parietal lobe, frontal

Limbic system

Regulation of motivated behaviors and emotions

What are the two parts of the pituitary gland

Anterior pituitary gland and posterior pituitary gland

Pituitary gland

In charge of releasing messenger and certain hormones

What are some hormones released by the hypothalamus/anterior pituitary gland

Thyroid stimulating hormone or TSH adrenocorticotropic hormone or ACTH gonadotropin growth hormone and prolactin

Posterior pituitary gland

An extension of the hypothalamus

Name some hormones released by the posterior pituitary gland

Oxytocin, ADH

Neo cortex/cerebral cortex

Regulates various mental activities

Basal ganglia

Control voluntary movement

Gyrus

A small bump

Sulcus

A groove

Fissure

A deep sulcus

Primary visual cortex

Region of posterior occipital lobe primary input is from visual system

Calcarine fissure

Located in occipital lobe

Primary auditory cortex

Located in superior temporal lobe primary employer is from auditory system

Lateral Fissure

Fissure that separates temporal lobe from frontal and parietal

Central sulcus

Separates frontal and parietal

What structures does the basal ganglia motor system contain

Amygdala, striatum(caudate nucleus+putamen), globus pallidus

What structures does the limbic system contain

Mammillary bodies, hippo campus, amygdala, fornix, cingulate, septum