Nationalist and Communist China

Post-Qing era China to now (1912 - present)

Japan’s 21 Demands

Pushed forward during WW1, Japan demanded control of Manchuria, Shandong, and other coastal regions to extend control. 13/21 demands were met, and signed in 1915 (by Yuan Shikai) to the humiliation of the Japanese people

May 30th Anti-Imperialism Movement

A Chinese man was killed by a Japanese employee in Japanese-owned factory, but no action was taken by Shanghai Police. Student-led protests in support of factory workers lead to 13 students killed by police.

Protests take place throughout 1925, recorded as the largest anti-imperialist movement in China to date.

Civil War

War between Communist Party and Nationalist Party (who had helped overthrow the Qing) lasting from 1927 to 1949 where the CCP wins, and Mao Zedong becomes the president. Nationalists retreat to Taiwan.

Fighting was sparked by the Shanghai Massacre in 1927, where Nationalist party ordered the execution of multiple captures Communist Party members.

New Equal Treaty

Mao Zedong

When and how did the Communist Party win in China?

Mao saw the potential of gaining support from the peasant populations in rural area outside of Beijing/Shanghai, and worked to recruit their support. China at this point was majority a peasant population. Eventually after decades of armed conflict from 1927, the CCP had gained control of the majority of China, and Nationalists fled to Taiwan in defeat in 1949.

New Life Movement

Conservative program launched in 1934 by the Chinese government to promote the New Woman ideals, including the main four virtues.

4 virtues:

• rites of Confucius

• justice

• honesty/cleanliness

• sense of right and wrong

Wen vs. Wu

Wen: civility, intelectualism,

Wu: martial prowess, physical strength and masculinity

Wong Jingwei

Had been a member of the Tongmenhui and strong supporter of abolishing the monarchy. Later, he defects to join Japan and helped found a collaborationist government in occupied Nanking. He is regarded as one of the biggest traitors of China during WW2.

What was the comintern, and how does it relate to the Soviet Union/Stalin?

Xinjiang Uygher Autonomous Region

Established in 1955 after Han settlements had gradually colonized the local population. Home to ethnic minorities including the Muslim Uyghur population, which China has been accused of creating re-education camps.

What is the significance of the Bretton Woods Conference?

Established a post-WW2 International Monetary System. Aligned with China’s new outlook on prioritizing international future of their economy.

When and how did Hong Kong gain independence?

Hong Kong was a refuge for people escaping communism and built fro war capitalism, allowing it to boom economically by the 1950s. The 99 year lease couldn’t be granted beyond 1997, resulting in a peaceful handover to the Chinese. “One country two systems” policy implemented.

1967 Hong Kong Riots

Anti-government riots by Hong Kong residents, led by pro-CCP activists in response to British colonial rule. Dozens were killed and hundreds were injured while protesting. Homemade bombs were a characteristic of these riots.

Umbrella Movement

A Hong King pro-democracy movement in 2014, characterized by the yellow umbrellas held by protestors to shield from police pepper spray. Fulled by dissatisfaction for quality of life and anti-mainland prejudices.