Native elements and oxides

Kva er dei forskjellige gruppen av nativ elements

Metals

* Gold group
* Platinum group
* Iron group

Semimetals

Nonmetals

Kva er dei forskjellige minerala/grunnstoffa i metall gruppa?

Gold group

* Copper (Cu)
* Gold (Au)
* Silver (Ag)

Platinum group

* Palladium (Pd)
* Platinum (Pt)
* Platiniridium (Pt, Ir)

Iron group

* Iron (Fe)
* Kamacite (Fe, Ni)
* Taenite (Ni, Fe)

Kva er dei forskjellige grunstoffa/minerala i semimetall gruppa?

* Arsenic (As)
* Bismuth (Bi)
* Antimony (Sb)

Kva er dei forskjellige minerala/grunstoffa i ikkje-metall gruppa?

* Graphite (C)
* Diamond (C)
* Sulfur(S)

Sei litt om gull gruppa

* cubic close-packed structure
* soft (H= 2,5-3)
* malleable (formbare)
* ductile
* exellent conductors of heat and electricity
* metallic luster
* low melting points (around 1000 C)
* high density

Sei litt om gull (Au)

* isometric (cubic) symmetry
* usually in form of octahedrons or cubes, often irregular forms
* H=2,5-3
* p=19.3 g/cm^3
* opaque in thin section
* electrum: Au-Ag alloy (legering)

use og gold:

* jewlry, monetary purposes (coins)
* electronic applications (no oxidation)
* medical purposes (dentistry)

Sei litt om sølv (Ag)

* isometric (cubic) symmetry
* crystals uncommon, if yes then octahedrons
* H=2,5-3
* p=10.1-11.1 g/cm^3

use of silver:

* jewlry, monetary purposes (coins)
* antimicrobial agent

Sei litt om kopar (Cu)

* isometric (cubic) symmetry
* cubes or dodevahedons, often massiv
* H=2.5-3
* p=8.95 g/cm^3
* opaque in thin sections

alterations

* alters to cuprite (Cu2O), copper sulfates or carvonates (blue or green)

use of copper:

* electrical industry
* antimicrobial agent

Sei litt om platinum gruppa

* cubic close-packed structure
* H=4-7
* malleable ( formbar)
* ductile
* exelent conductors of heat and electricity
* metallic luster
* low melting points
* high density
* no alterations

Sei litt om jern gruppa

* simple cubic close-packed structure
* malleable (formbar)
* good conductors of heat and electricity
* metallic luster
* low melting points
* lower density then metals from Au and Pt groups
* Fe easly alters to Fe-oxides and hydroxides, Ni is more stable

Taenite (Ni, Fe) and Kamacite (Fe, Ni)

* two naturally occurring alloys, main constituents of Ni-Fe meteorites

Sei litt om semimetaller

Arsenic (As), Bismuth(Bi), Antimony (Sb)

* trigonal with perfect basal (0001) cleavge
* opaque

use:

* As: alloying agent, processing of glass, textiles and paper
* Bi: medical purposes
* Sb: toxic, Pb-Sb alloy used in batteries

Sei litt om diamant

* nonmetal
* isometric (Cubic) symmetry
* crystals are usually octahedrons
* H=10
* p=3.511 g/cm^3
* colorless, pale to deep yellow, brownish, greenish, redish, orange…
* colorless in thin section

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Sei litt om graphite

* nonmetals
* hexagonal symmetry
* platy hexagonal crystals
* H=1-2
* p=2.09-2.23 g/cm^3
* black
* opaque in thin section
* exellent conductor of heat and electricity

use:

* pencils, dry lubricant and lubricanting oil additives, electronics

Sei litt om sulfur/svovel (S)

* orthorombic symmetry
* pyramidal or tabular crystals
* H=1.5-2.5
* p=2,07 g/cm^3
* yellow, brownish
* colorless in thin section

Use:

* mainly to manufacture sulfuric acid (H2SO4) for further use in industrial chemistry

Sei litt om oxide minerals

oxside minerals are grouped based on the cation to oxygen ratio:

X2O

* Cuprite (Cu2O)
* Ice (H2O)

XO

* Periclase (MgO)
* Zincite (ZnO)

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XY2O4

* Magnetite (FeFe2O4)
* Chromite (FeCr2O4)
* Spinel (MgAl2O4)
* Chrysoberly (BeAl2O4)

X2O3

* Hematite (Fe2O3)
* Corondum (Al2O3)
* Ilmenite (FeTiO3)

XO2

* Rutile(TiO2)
* Cassiterite (SnO2)
* Pyrolusite (MnO2)
* Uraninite (UO2)
* Quartz (SiO2)

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Sei litt om cuprite

* Cu2O
* Isometric symmetry
* Mostly octahedral or cubic crystals
* H=3.5-4
* p=6.14 g/cm^3
* Dark red color
* Alters to malachite or nativ copper

Sei litt om is

* H2O
* hexagonal symmetry
* mostly platy hexagonal crystals
* H=1.5
* p=0.92 g/cm^3

Sei litt om XY2O4 gruppa

* Isometric symmetry
* Structure based on cubic close-packed oxygen with X and Y cations in tetrahedral an octahedral coordination sites

Spinnel series

* Spinel -MgAl2O4
* Hercynite- FeAl2O3
* Gahnite- ZnAl2O4

Chromite series

* Chromite- FeCr2O4
* Mg-chromite- MgCr2O4

Magnetite series

* Magnetite-FeFe2O4
* Magnesioferrite- MgFe2O4
* Ulvöspinel- FeFeTiO4

Sei litt om Spinel-Hercynite-Gahnite solid solution

* Mostly octahedral crystals, also common as anhedral grains or aggregates
* H=7.5-8, n=1.714-1.835 (high relief)
* Green to blue-green, also colorless, Fe-rich varietes are dark to black
* Appears in high-Al metamorphic rocks together with Al2SiO5 minerals, cordeierite or corundim
* Stabl at low pressures, only stable with quarts at very high T

Sei litt om Chromite-Magnesiochromite solid solution

* octahedral crystals, also common as anhedral grains or aggregates
* H=5.5-6, n=1.90-2.12
* black, in thin section dark to rusty brown at thin edges, otherwise esentally opaque
* appears in mafic and ultramafic igneous rocks as accessory min
* the only ore mineral for Cr

Sei litt om Magnetite

* octahedral crystals, also anhedral grains or aggregates
* H=5.5-6.5, opaque, ferromagnetic
* common accessoy in igneous and metamorphic rocks, main constituent of banded iron formations (BIF), replacement product during contact metamorphism of carbonate rocks
* one of valuble iron ores; finly milled magnetite is used for coal sorting or for making of high-density concrete

Sei litt om Hematite

* Fe2O3
* trigonal symmetry
* platy crystals with hexagonal outline
* H=5-6
* p=5.25 g/cm^3
* opaque
* steel gray, brownish, coarsly crystalline hematite with metallic luster calld specularite

Sei litt om corundum

* Al2O3
* trigonal symmetry
* usually hexagonal prisms
* H=9
* p=3.98-4.02 g/cm^3
* n=1.758-1.794 (high relief)
* white, gray or gray-bue
* red (ruby) or blue(sapphire)

Sei litt om Ilimenite

* FeTiO3
* trigonal symmetry
* tabular crystals with hexagonal outline
* H=5-6
* p=4.7-4.79 g/cm^3
* opaque, black color, metallic luster
* major Ti-ore

Sei litt om Rutile

* TiO2
* tetrahedral symmetry
* elongated tetrahedral prisms
* H=6-6.5
* p=4.23-5.5 g/cm^3
* n=2.605-2.901 (very hogh relief)
* redish brown, also in PPL
* another major Ti-ore