B4 Biological molecules

Metabolic Reaction

All reaction that occurs in our body for us to survive ⚙️

Carbohydrates

Substance that include sugar,starch and cellulose -> They contain: -Hydrogen -Carbon -Oxygen -> in a 1:2:1 ratio 🍞

Carbohydrates Functions

+ A component used in respiration + Different formation used for storage of energy + Used to make cellulose in plant cell wall 🌾

Lipids

Insoluble in water and stores energy in organism -> Glycerol & 3 fatty Acids 🥑

Fat

Lipids that are solid at Room temperature 🧈

Oils

Lipids that are liquid at room temperature -> They contain: - Carbon - Hydrogen - Oxygen 🛢️

Lipids Functions

+ Germination + Make cell membrane + Stores energy + Heat insulation 🌡️

Protein

A substance made up of linked amino acid -> each amino acid formation make a different protein 🥩

Amino acids

Substances with molecules; There are 20 different types of amino acid -> They contain: -Carbon -Hydrogen -Oxygen -Nitrogen -Sulfur (Occ.) 🧬

Protein Functions

+ Make new cells + Make keratin + Make antibodies and enzymes 🛡️

Benedict's solution

Add Benedict's reagent to the sample and heat it in a hot water bath. It turns from blue to green, yellow, orange, or brick-red depending on the concentration of reducing sugars present. ♨️

Starch Test

Add a few drops of iodine solution to the sample. The solution will turn from brown/orange to a blue-black colour if starch is present. 🥔

Ethanol emulsion test

Add ethanol to the sample and shake thoroughly to dissolve it, then pour the mixture into cold distilled water. A cloudy white emulsion will form if lipids are present. 🥛

Biuret test

Add Biuret reagent (or sodium hydroxide followed by a few drops of dilute copper sulfate solution) to the sample. The solution will change from blue to a purple/lilac colour if protein is present. 🟣

Independent Variables (Changing variable)

-> e.g Enzyme concentration 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5% 🎛️

Dependent Variables (Measuring PHYSICALLY)

-> e.g Bubbles produced in a Certain time frame 📏

Control Variables - Amount (mass/volume)

-> e.g - Amount (mass/volume) +Volume of solution + Mass of solid + Amount of enzyme / substrate ⚖️

Control Variables - Temperature

- Temperature +Room temperature + Water temperature + Temperature of reaction 🌡️

Control Variables - Time

- Time + Time allowed for reaction + Time to heat / cool + Time to grow something ⏱️

Control Variables - Concentration

- Concentration + Concentration of acid + Concentration of enzyme + Concentration of solution 💧

Control Variables - Distance / Position

- Distance / Position + Distance from light source + Height of drop + Position of sensor / ruler 📍

Control Variables - Equipment Setup

- Equipment Setup + Same apparatus + Same size beaker + Same type of thermometer + Same pH meter + Same ruler + Same voltage supply 🧫

Repetition

-> Calculate average for accurate results 🔁

Safety advice / Precautions

5. Safety advice / Precautions 🥽

Methods - Basic Steps

-> Specific Apparatus 📋