ENZYMES, GROWTH FACTORS, PROTEINS, RECEPTORS, CHEMICALS, COMPOUNDS, MOLECULES, AND ELEMENTS

Sodium

What element's excretion is promoted by Thiazide Diuretics in the distal convoluted tubules, decreasing blood volume?

Potassium

What element's excretion is promoted by Thiazide Diuretics in the distal convoluted tubules?

Water

What compound's excretion is promoted by Thiazide Diuretics in the distal convoluted tubules?

Calcium

What element's reabsorption is promoted in the distal convoluted tubules due to the electrical gradient created by the efflux of sodium from Thiazide Diuretics, leading to hypercalcemia?

Uric acid

What chemical competes with thiazides for the same organic acid transporter, causing hyperuricemia?

Insulin

What hormone's secretion is decreased due to hypokalemia, contributing to hyperglycemia as a side effect of Thiazide Diuretics?

Beta receptors

What receptors' blockade by Beta-blockers decreases sympathetic influence on the heart, lowering heart rate and contractility?

Alpha 1 receptors

What receptors are blocked by alpha 1-blockers, leading to vasodilation and a decrease in total peripheral resistance?

Alpha receptors

What type of receptor in the medulla of the brain is activated by centrally-acting alpha 2 agonists to inhibit adrenergic outflow?

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE)

What enzyme is inhibited by ACE inhibitors, preventing the conversion of Angiotensin one to Angiotensin two?

Angiotensin one

What molecule is converted to Angiotensin two by ACE?

Angiotensin two

What potent vasoconstrictor's synthesis is decreased by ACE inhibitors, leading to arteriolar vasodilation?

Bradykinin

What potent vasodilator's production is enhanced by ACE inhibitors, causing side effects like dry cough and angioedema?

Substance P

What chemical, along with bradykinin, contributes to the side effects of dry cough and angioedema associated with ACE inhibitors?

Angiotensin two type one (AT1) receptors

What receptor type is blocked by Angiotensin two Receptor Blockers (ARBs) like Losartan, leading to arteriolar vasodilation?

Renin

What enzyme's binding to Angiotensinogen is blocked by Direct Renin Inhibitors, preventing the conversion to Angiotensin one?

Angiotensinogen

What molecule's conversion to Angiotensin one is inhibited by Direct Renin Inhibitors?

Cytoplasmic aldosterone receptors

What receptors in the collecting tubules of the nephrons are blocked by Aldosterone Receptor Blockers like Spironolactone?

Calcium

What element's channels are blocked by Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs) in arteriolar smooth muscles, causing arterial vasodilation?

Calcium

What element's channels' blocking by CCBs reduces sarcomere contraction and reduces contractility in cardiac myocytes?

Calcium

What element is important for muscle contraction, whose channels' blockade relaxes muscles?

Nitric Oxide (NO)

What molecule is released by nitrovasodilators, primarily producing vasodilation via the eNOS nitric oxide cyclic GMP pathway?

Guanylyl cyclase (GC)

What enzyme is activated by Nitric Oxide in smooth muscle cells, converting GTP to cyclic GMP?

GTP (Guanosine triphosphate)

What compound is converted into cyclic GMP by activated guanylyl cyclase?

Cyclic GMP (cGMP)

What chemical compound's increase causes vasodilation via inhibition of L-Type Calcium channels and activation of Myosin Light Chain Phosphatase?

L-Type Calcium channels (LTCC)

What channels' inhibition by increased cyclic GMP leads to decreased intracellular calcium concentration?

Myosin Light Chain Phosphatase (MLCP)

What enzyme is activated by increased cyclic GMP, causing dephosphorylation of Myosin Light Chains and smooth muscle relaxation?

Myosin Light Chains (MLC)

What protein's dephosphorylation leads to decreased interactions with actin and myosin, causing smooth muscle relaxation?

Actin and Myosin

What two proteins' interaction is decreased when Myosin Light Chains are dephosphorylated, resulting in relaxation and vasodilation?

Phosphodiesterase type five (PDE5) inhibitors

What drug class, including Sildenafil, is strictly contraindicated for concurrent use with organic nitrate vasodilators due to the risk of extreme hypotension?

Beta adrenoceptors

What receptors are coupled to Gs proteins, and are blocked by Beta-blockers to reduce heart rate and contractility?

Gs proteins

What proteins are Beta adrenoceptors coupled to, which activate adenylyl cyclase upon noradrenaline binding?

Noradrenaline

What chemical's binding to beta-adrenoceptors activates adenylyl cyclase to form cyclic AMP?

Adenylyl cyclase

What enzyme is activated by Gs proteins to form cyclic AMP from ATP?

ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)

What compound is converted into cyclic AMP by adenylyl cyclase?

Cyclic AMP (cAMP)

What molecule activates Protein Kinase A (PK-A) in the beta-adrenoceptor pathway?

Protein Kinase A (PK-A)

What enzyme is activated by cyclic AMP, phosphorylating L-Type calcium channels and Sarcoplasmic reticulum sites?

Calcium

What ion's extracellular entry and intracellular release are enhanced due to PK-A phosphorylation, leading to increased contractility?

Calcium

What ion's entry into the cell is mediated by L-type voltage gated calcium channels in response to electrical depolarization?

Calmodulin (V)

What protein in vascular smooth muscle cells binds to elevated intracellular calcium, forming a complex?

Troponin (C)

What protein in cardiac smooth muscle cells binds to elevated intracellular calcium, relieving the inhibitory effect on the contractile apparatus?

Myosin light chain kinase (MLCK)

What enzyme is activated by the Calcium-calmodulin complex, leading to the phosphorylation of light chain myosin?

Myosin-LC-PO4 (Phosphorylated Myosin Light Chain)

What compound favors actin and myosin interaction, resulting in smooth muscle contraction?

Thromboxane-synthesizing COX-1

What enzyme is irreversibly inactivated by Aspirin in platelets, reducing the production of Thromboxane A2?

Thromboxane A2 (TxA2)

What chemical compound's production is reduced by Aspirin's inhibition of COX-1, decreasing platelet aggregation?

ADP receptor (P2Y12 receptor)

What receptor is blocked by Thienopyridines, preventing the proaggregatory effect of ADP?

ADP (Adenosine diphosphate)

What chemical compound's proaggregatory effect is blocked by Thienopyridines?

Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (GPIIb/IIIa) fibrinogen receptor

What major common pathway of platelet aggregation is blocked by agents such as Abciximab, Tirofiban, and Eptifibatide?

Late inward sodium current

What current in cardiomyocytes is blocked by Ranolazine?

Sodium-calcium exchanger

What transporter's function is blocked by Ranolazine, leading to a decrease in intracellular calcium and reduced calcium overload?

Hyperpolarization-activated HCN ion channels

What channels, involved in SA node automaticity, are selectively blocked by Ivabradine?

Funny channel pacemaker current (If current)

What current is selectively inhibited by Ivabradine through the HCN channels, resulting in heart rate reduction?

Retinal HCN channels

What channels' effects explain the visual disturbances (phosphenes) caused by Ivabradine?

Nitrate ester of nicotinamide

What is Nicorandil chemically?

ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels

What channels is Nicorandil an agonist at, contributing to its vasodilating action?

Phosphodiesterase five (PDE5) inhibitors

What drug class potentiates the vasodilating action of Nicorandil?

Long-chain three-ketoacyl coenzyme A thiolase

What enzyme in the fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway is inhibited by Trimetazidine?

Angiotensinogen

What substance from the liver is converted to Angiotensin one by renin?

Renin

What enzyme, secreted by the juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidney, converts Angiotensinogen to Angiotensin one?

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE)

What enzyme is blocked by ACE inhibitors, and is responsible for the breakdown of bradykinin in the lungs?

HMG CoA-reductase inhibitors

What is the classification of Statins, which reduce mortality in patients with coronary artery disease?

Collagen

What protein's increase is promoted by Statins, leading to improved plaque stability?

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)

What enzymes are decreased by Statins, contributing to improved plaque stability?

Low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C)

What lipoprotein's reduction is achieved by Statins?

High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C)

What lipoprotein's increase is achieved by Statins, responsible for pulling LDL from the blood?

Triglycerides (TG)

What fat molecule's reduction is achieved by Statins?

Nitric Oxide (NO)

What molecule's bioactivity is increased by Statins, influencing endothelial function?

Endothelin

What molecule's decrease is achieved by Statins, influencing endothelial function?

Endothelial progenitor cells

What cells' increase is achieved by Statins, influencing endothelial function?

Free radicals

What molecules are decreased by Statins, contributing to antioxidant effects?

Sodium/Potassium-ATPase (Na+/K+-ATPase)

What membrane-bound transporter is inhibited by Digoxin and Istaroxime?

Calcium

What ion's expulsion is reduced by Digoxin's inhibition of the sodium/potassium-ATPase pump?

Calcium

What ion's free concentration is increased in the vicinity of contractile proteins during systole due to Digoxin?

Beta one selective agonist

What is the classification of Dobutamine?

Cyclic AMP (cAMP)

What molecule's synthesis is increased by Dobutamine?

Dopamine receptor agonist

What is the classification of Dopamine?

Beta- and alpha-adrenoceptors

What receptors are activated by higher doses of Dopamine?

Phosphodiesterase isozyme three (PDE-3)

What enzyme is inhibited by Milrinone (a Bipyridine)?

Cyclic AMP (cAMP)

What molecule's breakdown is decreased by Milrinone's inhibition of PDE-3?

Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)

What endogenous peptide is Nesiritide a synthetic form of?

BNP receptors

What receptors are activated by Nesiritide?

Cyclic GMP (cGMP)

What molecule's concentration is increased by Nesiritide in smooth muscle cells?

Troponin system

What system is sensitized to calcium by Levosimendan (a Calcium Sensitizer)?

Phosphodiesterase

What enzyme is inhibited by Levosimendan?

Cardiac myosin

What protein is activated by Omecamtiv Mecarbil (an investigational positive inotrope)?

Myosin

What protein is inhibited by Mavacamten, approved for obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

Neuregulin GGF2 protein

What growth factor protein is Cimaglermin?

Guanylate cyclase stimulator

What is the classification of Vericiguat, approved for acute decompensated failure?

Neprilysin

What enzyme is inhibited by Sacubitril, reducing the breakdown of natriuretic peptides?

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) and B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)

What two natriuretic peptides' breakdown is reduced when neprilysin is inhibited?

Sodium and glucose

What two compounds' reabsorption in the proximal tubule is decreased by SGLT2 Inhibitors?

Cardiac sodium-hydrogen exchanger

What transporter is inhibited by SGLT2 Inhibitors?

Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA)

What type of agent is Spironolactone or Eplerenone?

Beta one receptors

What receptors are competitively blocked by Carvedilol to slow heart rate?

Beta one, beta two, and alpha one receptors

What three receptors are blocked by Carvedilol?

Eplerenone

What aldosterone antagonist has a more selective anti-mineralocorticoid effect?

Thiazide-like diuretic

What type of diuretic is Chlorthalidone or Indapamide?

Enalapril

What is an example of an ACE inhibitor?

Valsartan

What is an example of an ARB used in combination with Sacubitril?

Diltiazem

What non-dihydropyridine CCB affects automaticity more than atrioventricular node conduction?