Chapter 40: Circulatory System
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45 Terms
Which invertebrate groups lack a separate circulatory system?
Sponges, cnidarians, and nematodes.
Open circulatory system
A circulatory system with no distinction between circulating and extracellular fluid (hemolymph).
Closed circulatory system
A circulatory system where distinct blood is enclosed in vessels.
How many chambers does a fish heart have?
Two chambers.
What are the two circuits of circulation found in amphibians?
Pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation.
Pulmonary circulation
The flow of blood from the heart to the lungs.
Systemic circulation
The flow of blood from the heart to the rest of the body.
What is a key structural limitation of reptile hearts?
They have 3-chambered hearts but incomplete separation of the ventricles.
How many chambers does a mammalian heart have?
4
3 multiple choice options
Describe the flow of blood through the mammalian heart.
Right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body, right ventricle pumps it to lungs; left atrium receives oxygenated blood from lungs, left ventricle pumps it to the body.
What does the right atrium receive?
Deoxygenated blood from the body
What does the right atrium deliver blood to?
The right ventricle
Right ventricle in the mammalian heart
Pumps blood to the lungs for oxygenation
What does the left atrium receive?
Oxygenated blood from the lungs
What does the left atrium deliver blood to?
The left ventricle
Left ventricle in the mammalian heart
Pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body
When you see this card, study the heart picture you took in class
Okay
What are the three main cellular components of blood?
Red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets.
What are the three main functions of circulating blood?
Transportation, regulation, and protection
Blood plasma
This serves as the extracellular matrix of blood, transporting nutrients, wastes, hormones, ions, and proteins. It is 92% water.
What are the two main proteins seen in blood plasma?
albumin and fibrinogen
Serum
Plasma from which fibrinogen (clotting proteins) has been removed.
What is the primary function of hemoglobin in vertebrate red blood cells?
It is a pigment that binds and transports oxygen.
Red blood cells
Blood cells with no nucleus that carry oxygen from the lungs to the body cells
White blood cells
Large, have nuclei, and can migrate out of capillaries into tissue fluid.
Granular leukocytes
A type of white blood cell that includes neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.
Agranular leukocytes
A type of white blood cell that includes monocytes and lymphocytes.
Platelets
Cell fragments that function in the formation of blood clots.
What is the structural difference between arteries/veins and capillaries?
Arteries and veins have four tissue layers, while capillaries consist of only a single layer of endothelial cells to allow rapid exchange.
Lymphatic system
This returns interstitial fluid that did not re-enter capillaries back into the circulation via the subclavian vein.
Atrioventricular (AV) valves
These maintain unidirectional blood flow between the atria and the ventricles
Tricuspid valve
Right AV valve
Biscuspid/mitral valve
Left AV valve
Semilunar valves
These ensure one-way flow out of the ventricles to the vessels.
What do the 'lub-dub' heart sounds represent?
Lub is the closing of the AV valves; dub is the closing of the semilunar valves.
Sinoatrial(SA) node
This acts as the heart's pacemaker, initiating the heartbeat through self-excitable autorhythmic fibers.
Diastole
The relaxation phase when ventricles fill; systole is
Systole
The contraction phase when ventricles pump.
When you see this card, study the electrocardiogram slide and your notes on it.
Okayyyyy
Atherosclerosis
The accumulation of fatty material in arteries.
Arteriosclerosis.
Arterial hardening due to calcium deposition.
How does blood pressure change with blood volume?
Blood pressure increases as blood volume increases.
What is the role of aldosterone in blood pressure regulation?
It encourages the kidneys to excrete potassium and retain sodium, which affects blood volume and pressure.
What is the function of atrial natriuretic hormone?
It increases sodium excretion, which leads to a decrease in blood pressure.
What is the effect of nitric oxide (NO) on blood vessels?
It acts as a vasodilator.