OCR AS The later tudors 1547-1603

3rd Succession act

-1543

- E-M-E if no heirs were available

Regency Council

- Established 1547

- Established Somerset as Edwards protector

- 16 councillors of equal status

- Not signed by Henry, sealed by royal stamp (legit?)

Edwards Instability

- Could not lead into battle

- People could easily exploit his age and attack

- Risk of Civil War

- Could not control factional struggles

- Difficult to portray as powerful of militarily adept

Somerset

- Edwards Uncle

- Powerful military soldier in the 1540s

- Against regency council of 16, believed nothing would get done

- Legality questioned as will was not signed but stamped

Problems of Mary's Gender

- Seen as unable to control faction (woman)

- Unable to lead into battle

- Expected to marry and become subservient

- If she married an englishman his family would be too powerful, a foreign man would result in Xenophobia

Candidates of Mary's Marriage

- Edward Courtenay; favoured by Gardiner, Descended from Royals

- Philip of Spain; backed by Paget, would bring England closer to Habsburgs of spain, her mother related to them

Problems of Mary's marriage

- Expected to be subservient, would result in spanish wars

- Significant factor in Wyatts rebellion

- Informed her council she would marry Phillip on 27th October 1553 - petition presented and ignored

- 7th December 1553 marriage treaty signed, approved in Jan 1554

- Married 12 months after Mary took the throne

Devise and Succession 1553

- Edwards health began to deteriorate

- Plot to exclude Mary from the throne; she was catholic

Northumberland:

- Lady Jane Grey named as Edwards heir, Northumberland planned to marry her to Dudley

Edward:

- Greater role in parliament

- Committed protestant and didn't want Mary to succeed him

- Wanted his reforms to continue

- Poorly planned

- Northumberland would have ensured Mary's capture and launched propaganda campaign

Mary's Death

- 1558

- No attempt to alter the succession

- Tried to perused Elizabeth to keep England Catholic

- Saw 3rd Succession act more important than her beliefs

Faction and It's impact, Somerset + Northumberland

-1549 unrest: the Ruling elite were concerned about disorder as some of the complaints were about them

- Disquiet about Somerset's nature and Government led to an Anti faction, made Northumberland more appealing

Faction under Mary

Divisions in the privy council

- Large as mary brought in her own supporters and kept many experienced administrators

- rare for all councillors to be present

- meetings of a similar size to under northumberland

- 1555 inner council

- Philips departure to spain in 1555 and Gardiners death in Nov 1555 allowed Paget to dominate

Clashes between Gardiner and Paget

- Marriage

- Heresy Laws

- April 1554 parliament reject their reintroduction

Impact of Pole

Cardinal Pole as Papal legate suggested mary was aware of divisions

- no evidence of inefficiency

Wyatt's Rebellions

- Plotting began when Marriage rumours began

- Sir James Craft, Sir Peter Carew, Sir Thomas Wyatt feared they would lose their positions

- Wyatt was protestant and planned to marry Elizabeth to Courtenay

- Only Kent Rebelled, Forces which had been sent by Norfolk deserted following 'we are all englishmen'

- Began before serious Religious change = Marriage motive

Edwards religion

- Strong protestant

- moves towards full protestantism were made easier by composition of the regency council

1547 'Attack on catholicism'

- Royal visitations

- July Book of Homilies; model sermons

- Erasmus' paraphrases

- Clergy to do english services with an english bible

- Chantries dissolved

- Treason act repealed

1548 Radical Activity

- More radical views and unrest

- Iconoclastic attacks, pamphlets attacking mass

- Proclamations Jan-April to restore order and limit who could preach

- September bans on public preaching

1549-52 Establishment of Protestant Worship

- 1549 Act of Uniformity; Sacraments were just communion and baptism, communion and burial, clergy could marry and communion was held in english

- New prayer book, new drawings in 1550

- Conservative bishops removed

1553 Fully Reformed Church

- 2nd Prayer Book

- 2nd Act of Uniformity

removed all traces of catholicism

- 42 Articles outlined doctrine and belief drawn up (never completed due to Edwards death)

Edwards policies

Extent of change:

- 2nd Act of Uniformity and 2nd Prayer Book only brought in during the last year of reign = little impact and 42 Articles never law

July 1547:

- Royal injunctions ordered the removal of superstitious images

Feb 1548:

- All images to be removed

December 1548:

- Proclamation for all remaining images to be destroyed = Amount of legislation not straightforward process

1549 Western Rebellion (prayer book rebellion)

- Devon and Cornwall

- Religiously motivated

- Began at Sampford Courtenay in June

DEMANDS:

- Restoration of 6 Articles

- Mass in Latin

- Holy bread and wine to be restored

- Images to be restored

- Prayers for the dead

ACTIONS:

• Attacked gentry

• Murdered William Hellyons

• Took siege in Exeter

• Defeated at Sampford Courtenay, 3000 rebels killed

Religious policies under Mary

Issued a proclamation stating she would proceed cautiously but outlined her aims:

- Undo religious change since 1529

- Restore papal authority

- Restore Catholic practices

- Re-establish monasteries and end Clerical marriage

- Persecute those who don't agree

- Serve Catholicism, Marry and have an heir

Spring 1554 Royal Injunctions

- Restored Holy days

- Restored processions and ceremonies

- Deprived married clergy

- Protestant bishops were removed

2nd Act of Repeal

- Passed in November 1554

- Repealed all Religious change since 1529

- Mary was forced into compromise with landowners giving rights to those who had bought church land since 1555

Heresy Laws 1554

- Passed under the conditions those who purchased church land since 1555 could keep them

- Burnings for heresy did not start until Feb 1555

Catholic Reform

The return of Pole = positive measures to increase appeal

- Bishops to make regular visitations and check Clergy behaviour

- London Synod stressed importance of priests being resident

- Ending pluralism

- Catholic new testament + Book of Homilies

- Attempts to control protestant literature

Attitudes to Marian Policies

- Mary's Return to London was met with joy, Bells and Song even though it was still illegal

- In Oxford Chalices appeared, Alter and cross set up 23rd August at St Nicholas' Abbey

Opposition in parliament:

- Usually due to Factional, Economic and Land concerns

Marian Exiles:

- Some protestants fled, in total some 800

Popular support:

- Parishioners in Devon raised money for Vestments + other equipment for Catholic services

Catholic Persecution

John Foxe:

Book of Martyrs 1563 - Widespread opposition to the regime, had accounts of burnings = " Bloody Mary"

Impacts of Burnings

- October 1555 Bishops Ridley + Latimer burnt in Oxford

- March 1556 Thomas Cranmer - Committed treason by supporting LJG, he could have been executed but burning gave him a chance to retract = Damaged Catholicism

- Burnings mainly SE, heavily protestant and close to London

Socio-Economic Developments

Population:

1525 - 1551: 2.3m > 3m

- Agriculture unable to keep pace, food prices rose, bad harvests made things worse

- Many too young to work = Higher dependency ratio

Agriculture and Enclosure:

- Arable > Sheep = Needed fewer workers, unemployment increased

- Enclosure stopped public land use, Somerset tried to look into it (Enclosure commissions 1548/49) but was blocked

Finances:

- Debasement in the 1540s meant more money in circulation = Inflation

- 6 bad harvests 1547-58

- Dissolution of monasteries removed institutions which would have helped

Vagrancy act

1547

Vagrants forced into slavery

Causes of unrest 1547-58

Socio-economic problems:

- Population growth - rising prices

- Poor harvests - Increased Poverty

- Enclosure - significant issues

Faction + Politics:

- Edward VI increased factional problems - Regency council - Somerset removed by coup in 1549/50 + was succeeded by Northumberland

- Somerset executes in 1552

Kett's Rebellion 1549

- East Anglia

- Began as Enclosure riots

- Raised 16,000 men + Marched to Norwich

- Forces send under Marquis of Northampton defeated

- Duke of Northumberland sent and and massacred rebels (3000 died)

- Kett hanged

DEMANDS/CONCERNS:

- Concerns of enclosure

- Rents too high

- Gentrys manipulation of local gov

- Further protestant reform

The LJG Affair 1553

Political Issues:

When Dudley married LJG in may 1553 it was believed Edward would live for a long time

- Edwards declining health is what gave northumberland his power

Religious issues:

- Edward was a strong protestant and was concerned about Mary

- Northumberland wanted to secure his position as under mary he would have been deprived

Threat to Mary:

- Northumberland got LJG proclaimed queen, if he had captured mary he may have been successful

- Northumberland had to abandon

Aftermath of LJG affair

Mary considered her position weak, she released Gardiner and Norfolk from jail and appointed Paget to the Privy council

Wyatts Rebellion 1554 Causes

- Timing would suggest Marys marriage > fears the court would be dominated by spaniards and no patronage for the English

- Fears Mary would be dominated

- Rumours mary would be replaced

BUT

- Leaders had protestant sympathies

- they received advice from the deprived protestant bishop of winchester

- no catholic leader

- Upon reaching london they attacked the properties of catholic bishops

- cloth trace declined

Wyatts Rebellion 1554 Events

- The court was aware and examined Edward Courtenay, he revealed the plot forcing rebels to act

- Only rebelled in Kent (failure of 4 pronged attack)

- Wyatt feared deeply he would lose his position

- Laid Siege bear Rochester

- Mary's Guildhall speech helped to end

1558 finances

- £227,000 debt from Mary lately by french wars

- To be paid to Antwerp exchange with 14% interest

- Inherited Book of Rated and 3/4 of revenue to the exchequer

- William Paulet (Lord Treasurer)

- Sir Thomas Gresham:

• identified 3 problems

• Debasement, cost of war + loans, Hanseatic league

• argued for better credit so loans could be increased

• Made cecil relax usury lads

Crown income and finance

Crown lands:

- Revenue went from £86,000 > £111,000

- Did not want to exploit tenants

Customs Duties:

- Revised book of rates (1586)

- 1556-7 revenue was £29,315, 1558-9 £83,797

- 1590s £91,000 scarcely keeping with inflation

- Had to increase trade

Parliamentary Tax:

- 15ths and 10ths = £30,000 and 100,000 subsidy

- usually branded 2 and 1 subsidy

- Assessments often made by gentry and wealthy often under taxed

The muscovy company

Set up in 1555 by Mary, had a monopoly of trade between England Muscovy.

- Woollen goods to russia

- Furs, hides and timber returned