Semester Review, History

Direct rule

Colonial power directly governs the colony.

Indirect rule

Colonial power governs through local intermediaries or indigenous elites.

Belgian Congo

Colony in Central Africa controlled by Belgium, known for brutal exploitation.

Berlin Conference

Meeting where European powers divided Africa for colonization.

Sepoy Mutiny

Indian soldiers revolt against British rule in 1857.

Social Darwinism

Applying Darwin's principles to society, often used to justify imperialism and racism.

Opium War

Conflicts between China and Britain over opium trade in the 19th century.

Franz Ferdinand

Archduke whose assassination sparked WWI.

Germany's position during WWI

Part of the Central Powers, fighting against the Allies.

Central Powers

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, and others in WWI.

Triple Entente (Allies)

France, Russia, Britain, later joined by Italy and the US in WWI.

Events leading to WWI

Assassination of Franz Ferdinand, militarism, alliances, imperialism, nationalism.

Fronts of Germany during WWI

Eastern (against Russia) and Western (against France, Britain).

Imperialism

Extending power through colonization or dominance.

Nationalism

Promoting interests and culture of one's nation.

Militarism

Glorifying military strength and preparedness.

Alliances

Agreements between nations for mutual support.

Trench warfare

Fighting from trenches, characteristic of WWI.

Gavrilo Princip

Assassin of Franz Ferdinand.

New technology in WWI

Tanks, machine guns, airplanes, poison gas.

Sturmtruppen

Elite German troops in WWI.

Black Hand

Secret society involved in Franz Ferdinand's assassination.

K-Brot

War bread in Germany during WWI.

Russian Revolution of 1905

Revolt against Tsar Nicholas II's autocratic rule.

Goals of Russian Revolution of 1917

Overthrow Tsarist regime, establish socialist state.

Communism

Ideology advocating classless society and common ownership.

Bolsheviks

Radical faction led by Lenin, later became the Communist Party.

Vladimir Lenin

Leader of Bolshevik Party, architect of Russian Revolution.

Blaming Jews in Germany

Scapegoating Jews for societal problems.

Kristallnacht

Nazi pogrom against Jews in 1938.

Leader of Germany 1933-1945

Adolf Hitler.

Enabling Act

Law granting Hitler dictatorial powers in 1933.

Nuremberg Laws

Anti-Semitic laws in Nazi Germany.

Mein Kampf

Hitler's autobiography and manifesto.

Brownshirts

Nazi paramilitary organization.

Blackshirts

Italian fascist paramilitary group.

Gestapo

Nazi secret police.

Great Purge

Stalin's campaign of political repression.

Gulags

Soviet labor camps for political prisoners.

Joseph Stalin

Soviet leader known for dictatorship.

Collectivized farming

Soviet policy of state-controlled agriculture.

Leader of the SS

Heinrich Himmler.

Ghettos

Segregated Jewish neighborhoods under Nazi rule.

Einsatzgruppen

Nazi mobile killing squads in WWII.

Sudetenland

Region of Czechoslovakia annexed by Germany in 1938.

First country invaded in WWI

Austria-Hungary invaded Serbia.

Operation Sea Lion

Nazi plan to invade Britain in WWII.

Operation Barbarossa

Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union in WWII.

Lebensraum

Nazi ideology of acquiring living space.

Battle of Britain

WWII aerial battle over Britain.

Blitzkrieg

German military strategy of rapid attacks.

Munich Agreement

Pact allowing Nazi annexation of Sudetenland.

Appeasement

Policy of making concessions to avoid conflict.

Anschluss

Nazi annexation of Austria.

Phony War

Period of little military action in WWII.

Renaissance

Period of European cultural rebirth.

First book printed by Gutenberg

The Bible.

Renaissance man

Person with diverse skills and knowledge.

Indulgences

Certificates sold by the Catholic Church for forgiveness.

Reasons for European exploration of New World

Wealth, spreading Christianity, competition.

Divine right

Belief in monarch's authority from God.

Percentage of France's Third Estate

About 98%.

July 14, 1789, Paris

Storming of the Bastille, start of French Revolution.

Totalitarian state

Government with total control over public and private life.

Purpose of Soviet 5-year plans

Economic programs for rapid industrialization.

Agricultural Revolution

Transformation of farming practices.

Industrial Revolution

Transition to industrial economies and new technology.

What Region Was Known As The “Powder keg” of Europe

The Balkans