Semester Review, History

Direct rule: Colonial power directly governs the colony. Indirect rule: Colonial power governs through local intermediaries or indigenous elites. Belgian Congo: Colony in Central Africa controlled by Belgium, known for brutal exploitation. Berlin Conference: Meeting where European powers divided Africa for colonization. Sepoy Mutiny: Indian soldiers revolt against British rule in 1857. Social Darwinism: Applying Darwin's principles to society, often used to justify imperialism and racism. Opium War: Conflicts between China and Britain over opium trade in the 19th century. Franz Ferdinand: Archduke whose assassination sparked WWI. Germany's position during WWI: Part of the Central Powers, fighting against the Allies. Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, and others in WWI. Triple Entente (Allies): France, Russia, Britain, later joined by Italy and the US in WWI. Events leading to WWI: Assassination of Franz Ferdinand, militarism, alliances, imperialism, nationalism. Fronts of Germany during WWI: Eastern (against Russia) and Western (against France, Britain). Imperialism: Extending power through colonization or dominance. Nationalism: Promoting interests and culture of one's nation. Militarism: Glorifying military strength and preparedness. Alliances: Agreements between nations for mutual support. Trench warfare: Fighting from trenches, characteristic of WWI. Gavrilo Princip: Assassin of Franz Ferdinand. New technology in WWI: Tanks, machine guns, airplanes, poison gas. Sturmtruppen: Elite German troops in WWI. Black Hand: Secret society involved in Franz Ferdinand's assassination. K-Brot: War bread in Germany during WWI. Russian Revolution of 1905: Revolt against Tsar Nicholas II's autocratic rule. Goals of Russian Revolution of 1917: Overthrow Tsarist regime, establish socialist state. Communism: Ideology advocating classless society and common ownership. Bolsheviks: Radical faction led by Lenin, later became the Communist Party. Vladimir Lenin: Leader of Bolshevik Party, architect of Russian Revolution. Blaming Jews in Germany: Scapegoating Jews for societal problems. Kristallnacht: Nazi pogrom against Jews in 1938. Leader of Germany 1933-1945: Adolf Hitler. Enabling Act: Law granting Hitler dictatorial powers in 1933. Nuremberg Laws: Anti-Semitic laws in Nazi Germany. Mein Kampf: Hitler's autobiography and manifesto. Brownshirts: Nazi paramilitary organization. Blackshirts: Italian fascist paramilitary group. Gestapo: Nazi secret police. Great Purge: Stalin's campaign of political repression. Gulags: Soviet labor camps for political prisoners. Joseph Stalin: Soviet leader known for dictatorship. Collectivized farming: Soviet policy of state-controlled agriculture. Leader of the SS: Heinrich Himmler. Ghettos: Segregated Jewish neighborhoods under Nazi rule. Einsatzgruppen: Nazi mobile killing squads in WWII. Sudetenland: Region of Czechoslovakia annexed by Germany in 1938. First country invaded in WWI: Austria-Hungary invaded Serbia. Operation Sea Lion: Nazi plan to invade Britain in WWII. Operation Barbarossa: Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union in WWII. Lebensraum: Nazi ideology of acquiring living space. Battle of Britain: WWII aerial battle over Britain. Blitzkrieg: German military strategy of rapid attacks. Munich Agreement: Pact allowing Nazi annexation of Sudetenland. Appeasement: Policy of making concessions to avoid conflict. Anschluss: Nazi annexation of Austria. Phony War: Period of little military action in WWII. Renaissance: Period of European cultural rebirth. First book printed by Gutenberg: The Bible. Renaissance man: Person with diverse skills and knowledge. Indulgences: Certificates sold by the Catholic Church for forgiveness. Reasons for European exploration of New World: Wealth, spreading Christianity, competition. Divine right: Belief in monarch's authority from God. Percentage of France's Third Estate: About 98%. July 14, 1789, Paris: Storming of the Bastille, start of French Revolution. Totalitarian state: Government with total control over public and private life. Purpose of Soviet 5-year plans: Economic programs for rapid industrialization. Agricultural Revolution: Transformation of farming practices. Industrial Revolution: Transition to industrial economies. Powder keg of Europe: The Balkans, due to ethnic tensions.