Unit 2: Population and Migration

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards for Unit 2, covering key population metrics, demographic models, and migration types as listed in the lecture notes.

Population

The total number of people living in a particular area, region, or country.

Arithmetic density

The total number of people divided by the total land area, which provides a measure of how crowded a country is.

Physiological density

The number of people per unit area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.

Agricultural density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of arable land in a region.

Carrying capacity

The maximum population size of a species that the environment can sustain indefinitely, given the food, habitat, and other necessities available.

Dependency ratio

The number of people who are too young (under age $15$) or too old (over age $64$) to work, compared to the number of people in their productive years.

Sex ratio

The number of males per $100$ females in a population.

CBR (Crude Birth Rate)

The total number of live births in a year for every $1,000$ people alive in the society.

TFR (Total Fertility Rate)

The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years (usually defined as ages $15$ to $49$).

Population pyramids

A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.

RNI aka NIR

The Rate of Natural Increase (also known as Natural Increase Rate), which is the percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

A process of change in a society's population from high crude birth and death rates and low natural increase to low crude birth and death rates, low natural increase, and higher total population.

Epidemiological Transition Model

The process by which the pattern of mortality and disease is transformed from one of infectious disease to degenerative disease.

Pro-natalist

Government policies or cultural attitudes that encourage childbearing and promote higher birth rates.

Anti-natalist

Government policies or cultural attitudes that discourage childbearing and aim to reduce birth rates.

Emigration

The act of leaving one's own country to settle permanently in another; migration from a location.

Immigration

The action of coming to live permanently in a foreign country; migration to a location.

Voluntary migration

Permanent movement undertaken by choice, often for economic improvement or lifestyle preference.

Forced migration

Permanent movement compelled by cultural, political, or environmental factors such as war or natural disasters.

Transnational migration

A process of movement and settlement across international borders in which individuals maintain social networks or systems of belief that connect them to their societies of origin.

Internal migration

Permanent movement within a particular country.

Friction of distance

A measure of how much absolute distance affects the interaction between two places, suggesting that as distance increases, the time and cost of movement increase.

Chain migration

Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there.

Step migration

Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, such as moving from a farm to a nearby village and later to a town and city.

Intervening obstacle

An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration.

Intervening opportunity

An environmental or cultural feature that helps migration or causes a migrant to settle before reaching their original destination.

Refugee

A person who is forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of race, religion, nationality, or political opinion.

Asylum seeker

Someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as a refugee.

IDPs (Internally Displaced Persons)

A person who has been forced to migrate for similar political or environmental reasons as a refugee but has not moved across an international border.

Repatriate

The process of a person returning to their country of origin or citizenship, either voluntarily or forcibly.

Interregional migration

Permanent movement from one region of a country to another.

Intraregional migration

Permanent movement within one region of a country.

Remittances

Money or goods sent by migrants back to their family and friends in their home countries.

Brain gain

The immigration of highly trained or intelligent people into a particular country.

Brain drain

Large-scale emigration by talented or highly educated people from a country.

Relocation diffusion

The spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another.