Robo test 4

Iron (Industrial Revolution)

Iron was used to build factories, machines, and buildings due to its strength.

Coal (Industrial Revolution)

Coal was used to power factories, heat homes, and could operate a device called the steam engine.

Jethro Tull

Was a framer who made an invention to feed lots more people. It was a seed drill its a cart with 2 prongs easily puncturing the ground. The surplus of food allowed England to feed a large population.

Seed Drill

A cart with two prongs on the bottom allowed him to easily puncture the ground.

Vaccine Revolution

Edward Jenner made a small pox vaccinate in like 1796 saving a bunch of people making England population grow

Why was England the first to industrialize?

They have a capitalist free market economy, with a large population to run factory's. They also have plenty of water to use for fuel and transportation, as well as natural resources such as iron and coal.

What is industrialization?

How goods are produced will dramatically change - from "by hand" to "by machine."

Richard Arkwright

Invented the water frame in 1769. Uses water to power the spinning wheel, replacing manpower with water power.

Capitalism/Communism

- Capitalism is based on idea of private ownership of the means of production - meaning that individual people or companies can create goods (or factories to create goods) and sell for a profit

- There would be no private ownership of property. Private ownership encourages greed. In communism, property was to be shared and the people would control the economy. There would be no gap between rich and poor. Economic equality would finally take place.

Karl Marx

Karl Marx was a harsh critic of capitalism as he believed it exploited workers. He and Friedrich Engels published the Communist Manifesto in 1848 He said that workers (the proletariat) would eventually rise against the rich (the bourgeoisie) due to their poor treatment.

Entrepreneur

An entrepreneur is a person who creates a business, especially someone who takes on greater than normal financial risks to do so.

Enclosure acts/movement

movement where landowners claimed(or enclosed)land that had,in the past,been open to all

Textiles

The first factories created only textiles - these are goods made from cotton. This was the first industry that became industrialized, both in Europe and the US.

Flying shuttle

The Flying Shuttle was invented by John Kay in 1733. Helped weave yarn into cloth at a faster rate than by doing by hand.

Spinning jenny

The Spinning Jenny by James Hargreaves in 1764. Allowed one worker to operate eight spinning threads at once by spinning a wheel by hand. The flying shuttle was often used hand and hand with the spinning jenny.

Water frame

The Water Frame by Richard Arkwright in 1767. Uses water power from fast-moving streams to drive spinning wheels. Moves machinery inside the factory - replaces manpower (or animal power) with water power.

Spinning mule

The Spinning Mule was created by Samuel Crompton in 1779 and combined the flying shuttle, spinning jenny, and water frame into one device. Moved back and forth on a track (like the water table) to generate energy.

Power loom

The Power Loom by Edmund Cartwright in 1787, Worked faster and more reliably than any earlier version: burned coal to boil water and create steam power. More durable than any earlier version: made from iron instead of wood.

Cotton gin

Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793, cleaned cotton then faster then ever before. 1.5 million pounds in 1790 to 875 million pounds in 1810.

Interchangeable parts

Also speeds up manufacturing with the invention of interchangeable parts. First parts made for rifles, then transferred to factory parts! Creates molds of products with a high-break frequency that allows the broken part to be easily replaced.

Steam engine

the steam engine allowed factories and other machinery to operate on a more consistent basis. Coal was burned to heat water, which created steam pressure that would power the machinery. James Watt was a Scottish professor who developed an early version of the steam engine in 1781.

Oxford canal

The Oxford Canal, completed in 1790, was a 78-mile canal in central England that connected Oxford with Bedworth.

Erie canal

Finished in 1825, the Erie Canal spanned a massive 363 miles and connected the Hudson River with Lake Erie in northern New York (or Buffalo, NY to Albany, NY).

MacAdams Road

MacAdam Roads were created by John McAdam, System of layering large stones beneath smaller, crushed stones. Allowed for easier movement of wagons.

Turnpike

Turnpikes allowed a private investor to make a profit while providing a safe route of travel. A "pike" would block the path, and would only "turn" once the fee was paid to travel on it.

James Watt

James Watt the inventor of the steam engine, and got a guy to pay him to do it (Matthew boulton). James Watt's steam engine helped give rise to faster transportation methods too as it was used in locomotives (railcar) and boats.

Robert Fulton

Robert Fulton purchased a steam engine from Watt to build the first steamboat, The Clermont, in 1807. Allowed transportation to travel against the current along the Hudson River to drastically cut shipping costs.

The Rocket

The Liverpool-Manchester Railway was the first commercial railway. Its first train, The Rocket, traveled 24 mph with a load full of passengers.

Working conditions in factories and cities

Lots of negatives it was awful and killed a lot of people, and made there lives bad and short.

Luddites

Any of a group of British workers who between 1811 and 1816 rioted and destroyed laborsaving textile machinery in the belief that such machinery would diminish employment.

Sabots

Workers in France threw wooden shoes called sabots into machines to disrupt production (this is where the word sabotage comes from).

Nationalism

Nationalism is an extreme form of patriotic feelings, usually accompanied with a feeling of superiority over other countries and their way of life.

Italian unification

Unified through a collection of tiny kingdoms and city-states between 1858-1870. Sought to free themselves from influence (and control) of neighbors (Austrians and French), Led by Giuseppe Mazzini. Organized group called "Young Italy" in 1848 to unite Italy into one country, only young people allowed in - nobody over 40 to prevent old loyalties.

German unification

Prussia, the strongest of the Germany kingdoms, will lead the unification process. Through a series of back-stabbing treaties, Bismarck increased Prussian prestige through wars with Denmark, Austria, and, France. Strengthens army (with money that was for other purposes) and leads Prussia successfully through three wars.

Three Reichs

Third Reich was the Nazi Regime from 1933-1945.

Austro-Hungary Empire

Ruled by Hapsburg family since beginning of 19th century. The ethic distribution of Austrian Empire made it volatile during this time: Slowly lost grip on the empire as revolutions in France, then Italy and Germany sparked revolt. Defeat in the Austro-Prussian War in 1866 recalled demands from Hungarians for independence.

Otto von Bismark

Prussian prime minister, he led the unification of Germany and the creation of the German empire. Bismarck was the Master of "Realpolitik." Otto von Bismarck, Chancellor of Prussia, wants to unite Germany "by blood and iron." Bismarck's authority and command is just beneath that of King Wilhelm I. Wilhelm stays in the shadows and lets Bismarck take the lead.

Franz Joseph

The ruler of Austria-Hungary when WWI started. He was planning to attack Serbia for their ports. When Serbia murdered Franz Ferdinand, he attacked Serbia, which effectively started WWI.

Franco-Prussian War

This was a major war between the French and the Germans in 1871 that brought about the unification of Germany. It was caused by Otto Von Bismarck altering a telegram from the Prussian King to provoke the French into attacking Prussia, thus hoping to get the independent German states to unify with Prussia (which they did, thus creating Germany).

The Ottoman Empire

Very diverse population, Greeks, Kurds, Jewish people, Bulgarians, Turks, Arabs, etc. Was propped up by France and Britain for years to keep Russia away from Constantinople's control over trade routes. War was a stalemate but further weakened Ottomans and increased strife within.

Realpolitik

Policy that put the needs of the state on known factors, not moral or ethical principles, Power was more important than principles.

Social Darwinism

a social science version of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. Stronger nations will outlast weaker ones; only the strong survive

Scramble for Africa

European countries met to carve up Africa, each taking different locations to exploit for their valuable natural resources. England, Belgium, Spain, Germany, France, Italy all took colonies in Africa, subjugated the local people, and extracted valuable resources.

Berlin Conference

The Berlin Conference (1884-1885) was a meeting of 14 European nations and the United States, led by Otto von Bismarck, designed to organize and formalize the "Scramble for Africa". It established rules for dividing Africa, introducing the "Principle of Effectivity" to legitimize land seizures and ensure European control over the continent without African representation

Cecil Rhodes

Born in 1853, played a major political and economic role in colonial South Africa. He was a financier, statesman, and empire builder with a philosophy of mystical imperialism.

King Leopold

(1835-1909) King of Belgium who began imperialistic trade inside of Africa which resulted in the Scramble for Africa. The son of Leopold I, best known for establishing the Congo Free State as his own private property. His regime used forced labor to extract ivory and rubber, resulting in the deaths of an estimated 10 million people. The systematic atrocities, including the infamous practice of amputating hands, led to an international outcry and the first great human rights movement of the 20th century.

Zulu War

The Zulu Wars and Boer Wars fought by Britain for imperial gain, Fought to wrestle land away from powerful Shaka Zulu and his tribe of warriors.The goal was to gain control of all of southern Africa and institute a federation style of government. Great Britain eventually wins and ends Zulu dominance in region.

Boer War

The Boers were Dutch-speaking descendants in South Africa who settled there as far back as the 1680s. As Britain begins to colonize the area, the Boers move further away to remain self-sufficient and those living under British rule have rights severely restricted (this was called the great trek). Gold and diamond discoveries bring massive influx of British colonists and Boers demand more control of the region. Leads to British victory and a union of Boer colonies into the Union of South Africa.

Gandhi

In 1947 the Indian independence movement led by Mohandas Gandhi. He led the people to the arabian sea and the final protest.

Indian nationalism

Indian nationalism emerged in the late 19th century as a multifaceted response to British colonial rule, eventually evolving into one of the world's most influential anti-colonial movements. Historically, it was characterized by a shift from elite constitutional petitions to a massive, non-violent struggle that united diverse religious and regional groups

British East India Company

A joint stock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism. This company controlled the political, social, and economic life in India for more than 200 years.

British imperialism in India

Used Indian elites to enforce British rule, but would not give those elites a voice in running the country

Sepoy Mutiny

the Indians grew resentful of being treated as second-class citizens as well as company policies that pushed Christianity (over Hinduism and Islam). In 1857, sepoys rebel over new ammunition being provided, To load rifles, sepoys had to bite off a seal from the cartridge made from beef and pork grease, which is very offensive to Hindu and Muslim faiths. The rebelling sepoys were jailed, then all sepoys throughout India rebelled.

Salt march

Gandhi led a march over 240 miles to protest the British monopoly on salt in India