Biolec Quiz #3

4 Reasons for cell division

• Asexual repro

• Grow & Develop

• Replace lost cells 

• Repair 

Prokaryotic Cell division, splitting 1 parent cell into 2 identical daughter cells

Binary Fission

3 steps of Binary Fission

1. Chromosome Duplicates

2. Cell Grows

3. Parent Cells split/Fission

First Phase of Eukaryotic Cell Division

Interphase

Interphase period where growth occurs

G1 period

Interphase period where DNA synthesis occurs

S period

What happens in chromosomal duplication

Centromere binds copy to original chromosome

Each Duplicated chromosome consists of: 

• 2 sister chromatids 

• bonded together by a centromere 

Interphase period where mass cell structure production occurs

G2 period

What extends from the centromere

Kinetochore fibers

2 parts of the Mitotic Phase

A. Mitosis

B. Cytokenesis

Other name for Mitosis

Karyokinesis

4 phases of Mitosis

1. Prophase 

2. Metaphase

3. Anaphase

4. Telophase

splitting of parent cell into 2 daughter cells by separation of cytoplasm 

Cytokenesis

4 results of Prophase

• Chromosomes turn thick & visible 

• Mitotic spindle fibers form

• Nucleolus disappears 

• Nuclear envelope breaks down 💌💔

arrangement of microtubules attached to centrioles in animal cells

Spindle Fibers

Lining up of duplicated chromosomes along middle of cell

Metaphase

2 other names for middle of cell

equator/metaphase plate

Phase that seperates and pulls apart sister chromatids

Anaphase

3 results of Anaphase

• Spindle fibers shorten

• Centromere bond breaks

• Daughter chromosomes pulled to opp ends

Phase that forms 2 new nuclei where daughter chromosomes placed 

Telophase

4 results of Telophase

• Chromosomes become thin/decondenses to chromatin

• Mitotic spindle fibers break down

• Nucleoli appear

• Nuclear envelope forms 💌❤

Animal type of Cytokinesis where:

• contracting ring of microfilaments pull inward on membrane

Cleavage Furrowing

Plant type of Cytokinesis where:

•  Golgi vesicles of cellulose line up middle & fuse to form new wall

Cell Plate Formation (CPF)

sum of all chemical reactions in organism 

Metabolism

metabolism type that breaks down molecules & 2 examples

Catabolism: 🐱

• hydrolysis

• cellular resp

metabolism type that builds up molecules & 2 examples

Anabolism:

• dehydration synth

• photosynthesis

Type of metabolism that produces more energy than required 

• & 2 examples

Exogernic Reactions

• hydrolosis

• cellular resp

type of metabolism that requires more energy than produced 

• & 2 examples

Endergonic Reactions

• dehydration synth

• photosynthesis

Catabolic & Anabolic reactions are each Endergonic or Exogenic?

• Catabolic- Exergonic

• Anabolic- Endergonic

Regulatory proteins that regulate all metabolic (chemical) reactions

Enzymes

Enzymes act as _ to speed up reactions

catalysts

Enzymes lower this which is the amount of energy necessary to start a reaction

Activation Energy

reactants that are acted upon by an enzyme 

Substrates

What do substrates do

Bind to enzyme’s active site 

What must be complementary to active site?

A substrate’s shape

2 characteristics of enzymes

• reusable

• name ends in “ase”

inorganic mineral or metal that attaches to an enzyme and allows it to accept substrate.

Cofactor

organic vitamins that attach to an enzyme and allow it to accept substrate

Coenzymes

when a molecule binds to active site of an enzyme and prevents normal substrate from binding 

Competitive Inhibition

when molecule binds to enzyme at another spot than active site & indirectly prevents normal substrate binging 

Noncompetitive Inhibition

3 factors to increase enzyme activity

• increase time

• increase temp

• enzyme & substrate conc

Factor where substrates with specific shapes complementary to enzyme active site can bind/be acted upon/changed into product

Substrate Specificity

Temperature that slows enzyme activity & releases little to no product

Colder temperature

For every 10°C  in temp, enzyme activity

Product doubles

Human enzyme optimal temp vs thermophilic bacteria

• 98.6 °F

• 165 °F

4 effects of excessively high temp on enzymes

• denatures enzymes

• no product produced

• changes active site shape

• prevents substrate binding

the most favorable pH for maximum enzyme activity

• value for most enzymes?

• stomach enzymes?

• intestinal enzyme?

Optimum pH

• pH 7.0 (neutral)

• pH 2.0 stomach

• pH 8.0 trypsin int

the most favorable salt concentration for maximum activity

Optimum Salinity