TEAS 2025 - Science (Anatomy & Physiology)

Anatomical Position

To stand erect with arms at the sides and palms of the hands turned forward

Sagittal Plane

Left and Right

Coronal Plane

Anterior and Posterior

Transverse Plane

Superior and Inferior

Cephalic Terms

1. Frontal (forehead)

2. Occipital (back of the head/base of the skull)

3. Temporal

4. Orbital (eye)

5. Otic (ear)

6. Buccal (cheek)

7. Nasal

8. Oral

9. Mental (chin)

1. F________ (forehead)

2. O_________ (back of the head/base of the skull)

3. T_________

4. O________ (eye)

5. O____ (ear)

6. B_______ (cheek)

7. N_____

8. O___

9. M______ (chin)

Arm Terms

1. Axillary (arm pit)

2. Brachial (upper arm)

3. Antecubital (front of the elbow)

4. Olecranon (back of the elbow)

5. Antebrachial (forearm)

6. Carpal (wrist)

7. Palmar (front of the hand)

8. Dorsum (back of the hand)

9. Pollex (thumb)

10. Phalanges (fingers/digits)

1. A_______ (arm pit)

2. B________ (upper arm)

3. A__________ (front of the elbow)

4. O__________ (back of the elbow)

5. A____________(forearm)

6. C_______ (wrist)

7. P______ (front of the hand)

8. D________ (back of the hand)

9. P_____ (thumb)

10. P__________ (fingers/digits)

Chest Terms

1. T_________ (chest)

2. S_______ (breast bone)

3. M_________ (breasts)

1. Thoracic (chest)

2. Sternal (breast bone)

3. Mammary (breasts)

Back Terms

1. Acromial (shoulder)

2. Scapular (shoulder blades)

3. Vertebral (spinal cord)

4. Lumbar (loin)

5. Sacral (between hips)

6. Coccygeal (tailbone)

1. A_________ (shoulder)

2. S_________ (shoulder blades)

3. V__________ (spinal cord)

4. L_______ (loin)

5. S_______ (between hips)

6. C___________ (tailbone)

Abdominal and Pelvic Terms

1. Abdominal

2. Umbilical (navel)

3. Coxa (hip)

4. Pelvic

5. Pubic (pubis)

6. Perineal (area between anus and external genitals)

1. A___________

2. U_________ (navel)

3. C_____ (hip)

4. P_______

5. P_____ (pubis)

6. P_________ (area between anus and external genitals)

Leg Terms

1. Gluteal (buttock)

2. Femoral (thigh)

3. Patella (front of knee)

4. Popliteal (back of the knee)

5. Crural (shin)

6. Sural (calf)

7. Tarsal (ankle)

8. Calcaneal (heel)

9. Dorsum (top of foot)

10. Plantar (sole/bottom of foot)

11. Hallux (big toe)

1. G________ (buttock)

2. F_________ (thigh)

3. P________ (front of knee)

4. P________ (back of the knee)

5. C______ (shin)

6. S_____ (calf)

7. T_______ (ankle)

8. C_________ (heel)

9. D_______ (top of foot)

10. P________ (sole/bottom of foot)

11. H_____ (big toe)

Alveoli

A_______ are tiny air sacs in the lungs where exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place

- Thin cell walls (only one layer of cells)

Trachea

The t_______ is the windpipe, which connects the larynx to the lungs

Bronchi

The b________ are the main passages that direct air into the right and left lungs

Bronchioles

The b__________ are small branches that extend off from the bronchi into the lungs, and connect to the alveoli

Respiration Pathway

1. Air enters through the nasal openings

2. Moves into the nasal cavity

3. Air travels past the pharynx and into the trachea

4. The air goes to either the right or left bronchi

5. Air travels through into the bronchioles and then terminates in the alveoli

Respiration Pathway

1. Air enters through the n______ openings

2. Moves into the n_____ cavity

3. Air travels past the p________ and into the t_______

4. The air goes to either the right or left b_______

5. Air travels through into the b___________ and then terminates in the a_______

Mediastinum

The m________________ is the area between the two lungs (where the heart is located)

Pleura

The p________ is a protective double membrane around the lungs and inside the chest cavity

Capillaries

C___________ are small vessels that connect smaller arteries, called arterioles, to smaller veins, called venules, and carry out gas exchange

Gas exchange in the lungs occurs because of diffusion, which is the passive movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Gas exchange in the lungs occurs because of d___________, which is the passive movement of a substance from an area of h____ concentration to an area of l____ concentration

Tidal Volume = The amount of air breathed in a normal inhalation or exhalation

T______ V_________ = The amount of air breathed in a normal inhalation or exhalation

Diaphragm

When the d_________ contracts, the volume of the lungs increases. And when the d__________ relaxes, the volume of the lungs decreases.

Asthma

A lung disease characterized by inflamed, narrowed airways and difficulty breathing

Allergies

A_________ are an immune response to a foreign agent that is not a pathogen​​​​​​​

Inflammation

The resulting redness, swelling, heat, and pain in an area of defense by innate immunity

Disease

A d_________ is a condition that deteriorates the normal functioning of the cells, tissues, and/or organs

Virus

A noncellular entity that consists of a nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat

Arteries

__________ carry blood away from the heart. Have thick walls that can withstand the pressure of blood pumped by the heart.

Veins

___________ carry blood back to the heart. Have a thin muscle layer.

Cardiac Muscle

Involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart. Striated; mononucleated; branched.

Atria

Upper chambers of the heart receiving blood.

Ventricles

The two lower chambers of the heart. The right ________ pump blood out to the lungs, while the left __________ pumps blood to the rest of the body.

Aorta

Largest artery in the body. Transporting oxygen rich blood from your heart to the rest of your body

Pulmonary veins

P____________ ______ deliver oxygen rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium

Pulmonary arteries

P__________ ____________ carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs

Pulmonary Loop

Carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart

Systemic Loop

carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body, returning deoxygenated blood to the right atrium

Tricuspid Valve

Valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle

Aortic Valve

Heart valve between the left ventricle and the aorta

Mitral Valve

Valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle.

Inferior Vena Cava

A vein that is the largest vein in the human body and returns blood to the right atrium of the heart from bodily parts below the diaphragm.

Superior Vena Cava

A vein that is the second largest vein in the human body and returns blood to the right atrium of the heart from the upper half of the body.

Systole

S___________ is the contraction of the heart;

Diastole

D___________ is the relaxation of the heart

Sinoatrial Node

The S____________ N______ is the pacemaker of the heart

Plasma

Clear pale yellow component of blood that carries red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets throughout the body​​​​​​​

Buffer

A solution of a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid. B_______ maintain the proper pH of the body.

- About 5 to 7% of carbon dioxide is dissolved in plasma, and 85% of carbon dioxide is used to maintain acid-base or pH balance in the blood through the bicarbonate b______ system

Hemoglobin

An iron-containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds oxygen.

White Blood Cells/Leukocytes: Granulocytes

1. Basophils

2. Eosinophils

3. Neutrophils

White Blood Cells: Granulocytes

1. B___________

2. E_____________

3. N___________

White Blood Cells/Leukocytes: Agranulocytes

1. Monocytes

2. Lymphocytes

White Blood Cells: Agranulocytes

1. M___________

2. L_______________

Lymphocytes

A category of white blood cells that includes natural killer cells, B-cells, helper T-cells, and cytotoxic T-cells

The open circulatory system's capillaries drain interstitial fluid that fills the spaces between the cells and filter it through a system of lymph nodes that are enriched in lymphocytes and macrophages that provide surveillance by the immune system

The o_____ circulatory system's capillaries drain interstitial fluid that fills the spaces between the cells and filter it through a system of l______ nodes that are enriched in l_______________ and m_____________ that provide surveillance by the immune system

Lymph (essentially plasma with the red blood cells removed) eventually drains into the large veins leading back to the heart. Typically, lymph nodes are enriched in oral, nasal, and genital regions where foreign entities enter the body.

L_______ (essentially plasma with the red blood cells removed) eventually drains into the large veins leading back to the heart. Typically, l______ nodes are enriched in o_____, n______, and g_________ regions where foreign entities enter the body.

Macrophage

M_____________ are a type of large white blood cell that ingests foreign material

Leukocyte

L_____________ are white blood cells, which protect the body against disease

Blood Flow Through the Cardiovascular System

1. Left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood throughout the body

2. Oxygenated blood travels through arteries and capillaries to tissues. Blood picks up carbon dioxide

3. Deoxygenated blood goes through veins to the right atrium

4. The right ventricle pumps blood towards the lungs via the pulmonary artery, where blood picks up oxygen

5. The pulmonary veins carry oxygen rich blood back up to the left atrium, and then the cycle repeats

Blood Flow Through the Cardiovascular System

1. _____ ventricle pumps oxygenated blood throughout the body

2. Oxygenated blood travels through arteries and c____________ to tissues. Blood picks up c_________ d_________

3. Deoxygenated blood goes through v_____ to the ______ atrium

4. The _______ ventricle pumps blood towards the lungs via the p__________ a_______, where blood picks up oxygen

5. The p___________ v______ carry oxygen rich blood back up to the ______ atrium, and then the cycle repeats

Mouth

The oral cavity at the entry to the alimentary canal. Where digestion begins (mechanical digestion)

Anus

The opening of the rectum from which solid waste is expelled

Mechanical Digestion

Physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces

Chemical (enzymatic) Digestion

The breakdown of food by enzymes for absorption

Smooth Muscle

Involuntary muscle found inside many internal organs of the body. Unstriated; mononucleated; tapered

Stomach

The organ between the esophagus and small intestine in which the major portion of digestion occurs. Utilizes both chemical and mechanical digestion.

Small Intestine

The part of the GI tract between the stomach and large intestine that includes the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, where chemical digestion and absorption of food occurs

Large Intestine

Comprised of the cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal, it is where vitamins and water are absorbed before feces is stored prior to elimination

Rectum

The last section of the large intestine, ending with the anus

Enzyme

A substance produced by a living thing that acts as a catalyst. A catalyst that speeds up a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy; in cells, most enzymes are proteins

Amylase

Enzyme in saliva that breaks the chemical bonds in starches

Lipase

Pancreatic enzyme that breaks down fat. Present in saliva and the stomach.

Bolus

A mass of food that has been chewed and swallowed

Peristalsis

A series of muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract

Hydrocholric acid (HCl)

The acid in the stomach that aids in chemical digestion

Pepsin

A stomach enzyme that breaks down proteins

Chyme

The semifluid mass of partly digested food that moves from the stomach to the small intestine

Liver

The organ that produces bile, regulates glycogen storage, and performs other bodily functions

In the duodenum, chyme is neutralized by bicarbonate from pancreatic secretions. The duodenum receives alkaline bile juices from the gallbladder, which helps neutralize acidic chyme.

In the duodenum, chyme is neutralized by b____________ from p___________ secretions. The duodenum receives alkaline b____ juices from the g____________, which helps neutralize acidic chyme.

Villi and microvilli in the small intestine (largely the ileum) absorb water-soluble (polar, hydrophilic) digested nutrients into blood, lipids into lacteals as chylomicrons, and vitamin B12

V____ and m_________ in the small intestine (largely the i_____) absorb water-soluble (polar, hydrophilic) digested nutrients into b_______, lipids into l_______ as ch___________, and vitamin B12

Blood, carrying nutrients, passes from the small intestine to the liver through the hepatic portal duct, allowing liver enzymes to deaminate amino acids, convert ammonia to urea, metabolize consumed toxins, and store glucose as glycogen.

Blood, carrying nutrients, passes from the small intestine to the l______ through the h________ p_______ d______, allowing l______ enzymes to deaminate a________ a______, convert ammonia to u____, metabolize consumed t_______, and store glucose as g__________.

Insulin

A hormone secreted by the pancreas that triggers the influx of glucose into cells, thus lowering blood glucose levels

Glucagon

A hormone secreted by the pancreas that stimulates its target cells in the liver to convert hepatic glycogen stores into glucose and release that glucose into the blood​​​​​​​

Central Nervous System

The part of the nervous system that consists of the brain and the spinal cord and acts as the command center for all communication and actions of the body

Peripheral Nervous System

The part of the nervous system that consists of all the nerves and ganglia that branch out from the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body, allowing signals sent by the brain to reach their target destinations

Axon

A nerve fiber that carries a nerve impulse away from the neuron cell body

Dendrite

A nerve fiber that carries a nerve impulse towards the neuron cell body

Synapse

The structure that allows neurons to pass signals to other neurons, muscles, or glands

Autonomic Nervous System

The part of the peripheral nervous system that regulates unconscious body functions of cardiac and smooth muscle, such as heart rhythm, digestion, and breathing

Somatic Nervous System

The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls conscious skeletal muscle function such as deliberate actions like walking, throwing, or typing

Sensory (afferent) neurons

S________ (a___________) neurons send messages to the central nervous system about sensory information, such as touch, smell, and pain

Motor (efferent) neurons

M______ (e__________) neurons send messages to muscle and can be subdivided into the autonomic (involuntary) m_______ nervous system and the somatic (voluntary) nervous system

Muscular System

An integrated system in the body that is vital for controlling involuntary and voluntary movement

Tissue

A t_________ is a group of cells with similar structure that function together as a unit, but at a lower level than organs

Bone

Skeletal muscle often attaches to ________: a hard, calcified material that makes up the skeleton

Skeletal Muscle is voluntary, striated, and multinucleated. They attach to bone and connected to and communicate with the central nervous system.

Skeletal Muscle is v__________, s_________, and m________________. They attach to bone and connected to and communicate with the central nervous system.

Tendons

___________ connect muscle to bone

Collagen

C___________ is the primary structural protein of connective tissue

Muscles move by contracting and shortening their length, which pulls on the tendons, moving one bone closer to another bone that is stationary. Skeletal muscles rarely work alone, but rather often work in groups to produce movements.

Muscles move by c__________ and s____________ their length, which pulls on the tendons, moving one bone c_______ to another bone that is stationary. Skeletal muscles rarely work alone, but rather often work in groups to produce movements.

Muscles contain long myofibrils made of sarcomere units, each consisting of long strands of proteins called actin (thin filaments) and myosin (thick filaments).

Muscles contain long myofibrils made of s___________ units, each consisting of long strands of proteins called a______ (thin filaments) and m________ (thick filaments).

When a muscle is contracted, the actin slides over myosin. When a muscle is relaxed, the myosin and actin filaments are away from each other.

When a muscle is _____________, the a______ slides over m_______. When a muscle is __________, the m________ and a______ filaments are away from each other.

Temporalis

elevates and retracts mandible

Orbicularis oculi

Trapezius

Deltoid