int. Developmental Psychology Exam 3

When should you start solid foods

4-6 months

What kind of foods should be introduced first

iron-enriched cereal, strained fruits, veggies, meat

What should be avoided when introducing solid foods

Avoid added salt and sugar - the more you get it, even at a young age, will correlate to the more you want it

When should cow's milk be added to an infant's diet

They need to be 1 year old, and need whole milk (fat)

What is colostrum

a clear/yellowish liquid produced the first 3-5 days after delivery before milk 'comes in' but has all benefits that breast milk has

What are the advantages for a baby to be breastfed?

Breast milk is always the most complete nutrition (always changing based of babies age and needs, with no change from mom), conforms to the baby's digestive process, contains mothers antibodies, helps protect against diarrhea, less likely to have allergies, protects against respiratory infections (in turn SIDS), helps protect against childhood lymphoma, less likely to be obese (because its nutritionally what they need), decreased incidece of SIDS, denser bones (women), better visual acuity, stools are softer and smell less

American Academy says you should breastfeed for how long to get full benefits?

1 year of life

Advantages to mom for breast feeding

reduces postpartum bleeding, reduces risk of premenopausal breast and ovarian cancer, returns to pre- pregnancy weight sooner, shrinks (contracts) the uterus

How does breastfeeding affect postpartum bleeding

After birth, the woman's body expels Iochia (a combination of blood, membrane, and lining) for several weeks, and this process can continue until her first period, 6-8 weeks after birth. Breastfeeding can stop this or vastly cut down on the time this takes. Breastfeeding causes the uterus to contract because oxytocin is released

Disadvantages to breastfeeding

HIV positive moms should not breastfeed, certain drugs can be passed through breast milk, dad can not fully help, onions, cabbage, and broccoli can cause breast milk to change taste and can cause GI problems in the baby

How do neurons develop overtime

they make more connections so children can do more developed thinking social, cognitively, and motor skills

an axon can grow to be how long

3 ft

the space between neurons is the

synaptic cleft

at the synaptic cleft is

a gap into which neurotransmitters are released from the axon terminal to the dendrites

Do connection pathways develop as we age?

yes

A bundle of axons is a

nerve

Neuron communication drives

cognitive, emotions, physical ability, purposeful behavior, and heartbeats

Speaking end of a neuron is an axon meaning...

neurotransmitters are released though synapse and bind to receiving neurons

Myelins function is to

to protect and speed up messages, while also improving the effects of what the message is saying

How does myelin getting laid down affect development

Parts of basic body function have a myelin sheath at birth, and more complex functions have myelin sheath laid down later (walking)

Once the baby can detect contrast, they will prefer...

high contrast

Are babies born with a preference to the human face?

Yes, they look at the edges of the face, and as they age a little, they focus on the inner parts of the face (ability to comprehend high contrast)

What was the purpose of the Depth Perception test?

To determine when humans perceive depth.

What was observed in 1-month-old infants during the Depth Perception test?

They didn't notice the drop-off.

What was the response of 2-month-old infants at the drop-off in the Depth Perception test?

Their heart rate lowered and they noticed the drop-off.

What was the reaction of 6-month-old infants during the Depth Perception test?

Their heart rate increased at the drop-off due to fear.

Are babies born with preference to human voice

Yes, especially mom (hear it most in the womb)

- Babies are born with the capacity to hear and perceive every sound and every human language

Between 8-10 months of age, babies lose the ability to perceive every sound and language due to ...

selective pruning to strengthen connections to the native language

Is the ability to coordinate all the senses at once born with or developed

born; babies can take in info from all senses at the same time

intermodal stimualtion

simultaneous input from more than 1 sensory modality

What is intermodal perception?

The integration of stimulus resulting in the perception of such input as an integrated whole.

What is an example of intermodal perception in babies?

Babies will try to be closer to a sound, expecting sight and sound to go together.

cognitive development

study of how children acquire the ability to learn, think, reason, communicate, and remember. develop when we change schemas

cognitive development sub-stage 2

primary circular reactions - 1 to 4 months

Primary circular reactions refer to

repeating actions involving parts of the body that produce pleasurable or interesting results (ex. being engrossed with one's own hands and feet because it is stimulating_

cognitive development sub-stage 1

simple reflexes- birth to 1 month

simple reflexes relates to

learning how to do think like how to suck properly to get milk or hear mom talk

cognitive development sub stage - 3

secondary circular reactions - 4-8 months

secondary circular reactions refers to

The individual will repeat the stimulus over and over (ex., knocking the bottle off the highchair over and over to see what will happen)

cognitive development sub stage 4

coordination of secondary schemes- 8-12 months

What does coordination of secondary schemes refer to?

It refers to a baby putting together two things to achieve a goal.

What is an example of coordination of secondary schemes?

A baby looking for a toy after it went under the couch.

What cognitive ability is needed for coordination of secondary schemes?

Object permanence.

What does object permanence mean?

It means knowing something exists even if it cannot be seen. (8-12 months- earlier than Piaget thought)

cognitive development sub stage 5

tertiary circular reaction - 12-18 month

tertiary circular reaction refers to

trial and error (ex. baby unrolling toilet paper accidentally, and they trying harder and hard to touch/unroll it due to the stimulation)

after habitation we look longest at

new, novel, or unexpected thing

deferred imitation

the imitation of people and events that were encountered or experiences hours, days, or weeks in the past

deferred imitation can happen as early as ...

6 months, but Piaget thought it would be 18 months old

What are mirror neurons?

Neurons that allow us to mimic and model things we see.

What do mirror neurons help us mimic?

They help us mimic expressions and emotions.

What has been observed when mirror neurons do not function properly?

It has been seen in autism.

Vygostsky's Zone of Proximal Development

sweet sport for learning, not so difficult that they can't understand/do it, but have to try hard enough to have a little challenge to learn

Scaffolding (Vygotsky)

the support for learning and problem solving that encourages independence and growth, then removed when no longer needed - not specifically a physical thing

parenting is a cycle that is not broken with out

effort and intention to break the cycle

Bayley scale of infancy development is a

screening device, not a test or measure of interagency

Bayley scale 1 month old question

infant quiets when picked up and makes postural adjustment

Bayley scale 8 month old question

When toy is covered, can baby move the cup to find the toy, or is baby sitting up

visual recognitive memory

ability to discriminate previously seen objects from novel (new) ones- good for later intelligence and language skill

why do babies cry

pain and discomfort

is crying language

No, language is using symbols to communicate

pre- linguistic vocalization

communication or social engagement through sound before language

order or linguistic vocalization

crying, cooing, babbling, echolalia

cooing is...

only associated with a pleasant or content state, is vowel sounds using the tongue against the roof of the mouth "ooo" "ahhhhh"

what age is cooing seen

2- 3 months

babbling is...

the combinations of vowel and consonant sounds uttered by infants, beginning to sound like speech

what age is babbling seen

6-9 months

echolalia is...

mixed consonance with babbling, comes facial expression and emotion. sounds like they're trying to talk to you because they are.

at what age is echolalia present?

10-12 months

Do high-pitched or low-pitched sounds capture babies' attention more?

high pitch

Do babies' brains notice pauses between groups of sounds?

Yes, they are competent to store the knowledge of the puase

What sounds are babies born with a preference too

human sounds, especially moms

Receptive language

ability to comprehend speech- outpaces expressive language

Expressive vocab

the set of words a person uses to communicate their thoughts, needs, and emotion to others through speaking, writing, gestures, or other methods

When does the first word typically happen?

11-13 months of age on average

How does vocab grow after 1st words?

It grows very quickly. ex. 3 months after talking like 30 words

general nouns are

common nouns- bus, dog, bottle

specific nouns are

proper nouns- mama, daddy, baby

Naming explosion typically occurs around what age?

18-22 month

What is the naming explosion?

drastic increase of words (50-300 words "overnight") , due to be exposed to more thing

what words are in the naming explosion

75% of these new words are nouns

rapid pace of language growth continues into...

pre-school

referential language

referencing things, labels

expressive style language

social interaction though language (please, thank you, ma'am/sir)

What is overextension in language development?

use of words in situations in which their meanings become extended or inappropriate

what are the types of overextension in language

functional, contextually, or affective

Functional overextension in language

When words are misapplied or overused, the word here it does not belong, because when you first learn the word, you learned an inappropriate function (ex. caps on people's heads, but when child sees a helmet and calls it a cap)

Contextually overextension in language

learn the context of something, then you overextend to everything in the same context (ex., a child knows the context of naps and the things that go with it, like PJ's, a mat, a lovey, or location, and call any of those things a nap)

Affective overextension in language

associated with mood or emotion (ex. mom yells hot hen child tries to touch the oven, then when mom doesn't want child to touch another thing, child yells hot)

Telegraphic speech

a shortened message

What are holophrases?

Holophrases are one single word that can convey a complex meaning.

Give an example of a holophrase.

Saying 'mama' when they see their mother.

What role do mood and emotion play in holophrases?

Mood and emotion provide context in the meaning of holophrases.

When do two word sentences of telegraphic speech typically start?

18-24 months of age

Do two-word sentences of telegraphic speech display accurate syntax?

Yes

What is an example of two-word sentences of telegraphic speech?

Sit chair (not chair sit)

The role of imitation is

repeating, but we don't imitate everything we say

Theories of language development

role of imitation, role of reinforcement, and psycholinguistics

role of reinforcement

Positive feedback encourages correct language use. uses operant conditioning

psycholinguistic theory

theories that are acquire language is acquired because of interactions between environmental influences and inborn pre-wiring (innate)