10: Gamebirds

Galloansere

includes the superficially dissimilar ducks & chickens

Megapodidae

brush-turkeys

fermenting

Family Megapodidae lays eggs in a large ____________ plant mass

Numididae

family with the guineafowl

Cracidae

family with the currasows, guans, chachalacas

fowl

diagnostic characteristic

Galliformes have a _____-like beak in which the upper mandible overlaps the lower

hypoptile

diagnostic characteristic

well-developed aftershafts on contour feathers in Galliformes

4

elevated

diagnostic characteristic

number of toes in Galliformes

also hind toe is ___________ in NA species (except on the same level as front toes in Megapodidae & Cracidae)

short, rounded

diagnostic characteristic

2 words to describes Galliformes wings

crop, gizzard, ceca

diagnostic characteristic

Galliformes have a well-developed ____, muscular ______________, & large intestinal ____

ground

diagnostic characteristic

where do galliformes nest?

downy, precocial

diagnostic characteristic

2 words to describe Galliformes young

white

diagnostic characteristic

Galliformes eggs are usually __________ to buff with brown spotting

metallic

bare

similar

gregarious

trees

Subfamily Meleagridinae

_____________ coloration

skin of head and neck is ____ and carunculate (warts)

sexes __________ - female is smaller and duller colored

______________ & polygamous

terrestrial; roots in ____________

feathered

toes

pectinate

comb

sacs

polygamous

not

apteria

pinnae

Subfamily Tetraoninae

_________ nostrils

tarsus feathered to ____ (to tip in winter in ptarmigan)

_____________ toes

eye ____

often have large, modified air ____

__________ or promiscuous

____ highly gregarious

unfeathered areas (__________)

modified feathers (___________) — on the neck

pectinate

having little ridges (on Tetraoninae toes)

apteria

unfeathered areas

unfeathered

spurs

flyers

polygamous

untoothed

Subfamily Phasianinae

______________ nostrils & tarsus

_____ on tarsus may be present

strong __________

______________ & gregarious

________________ lower mandible

unfeathered

small

toothed

monogamous

coveys

Family Odontophoridae

___________ nostrils & tarsus

________ body size

edge of lower mandible slightly serrated or ___________

___________________ - males help with brood rearing

highly gregarious (in _____________) during non-breeding season

southern

Odontophoridae is more adapted to more __________________ environments

introduced

All members of Subfamily Phasianinae in NA are _______________________

red, plumes

straight

tibiae

elevated

tail

crop

similar

maturity

nidicolous

Family Gruidae

bare ____ areas or ornamental _______ on head

______________, long bill

long legs with ___________ partly bare

____________ hind toe, unwebbed

large wings; inner secondaries may extend past ____ or are curled

no ____
sexes similar/different?

deferred ______________

________________ young; strong parental care

stout, decurved

tibiae

weak

short

lateraly

similar

secretive

nidifugous

Family Rallidae

short, ________ bill or long and ______________; coots and gallinules have horny shield

strong legs and feet with _____________ partly bare

short rounded wings; ____ flight

_______ tail; soft feathers

_____________ compressed bodies

sexes similar/different?

tend to be ________________, solitary marsh habitat

________________ young; strong parental care

slender

long

migrants

short

cryptic

open

similar

nidifugous

Family Scolopacidae

__________ bill for probing

_____ toes; tibiae partly bare in many species

long wings; strong ________________

_______ tail

______ pattern on back

____ habitat near water

gregarious

sexes similar/different?

__________ young; parental care

cere

metallic

dense

weak

strong

milk

gizzard

colonial

similar

altricial

Family Columbidae

bare __________ (some with fleshy knobs)

___________ feathers on neck and wings in many

soft, _______ plumage (little down; oil gland minimal or absent)

short legs; small ____ feet

______, swift flight

arboreal to terrestrial

specialized crop for production of “____”

muscular _________

gregarious, many _____________ or at least semi

sexes similar/different?

______ young; strong, bi-parental care

Columbidae

Which family of gamebirds is the largest with 280 species?

Nanortyx

quail fossil from Oligocene deposits 37 MYA

Palaealectoris

grouse fossil from Miocene deposits 23 MYA

Presbyornis

The grouse and quail fossils showed up at around the same time as the waterfowl fossil _______________, but waterfowl were from beforethe Cretaceous

speciation

immigration

introductions

Modern array of gamebird species is due to

evolution & _________ in NA

range expansion & ____________ from Eurasia and SA

recent ___________ by humans

tropical, north

New world quail have a center of evolutionary history and speciation in _____________ regions and have since spread ________

northern, south

Grouse originated in the ___________ hemisphere and spread __________

SA

Where did new world quail originate?

Eurasia

NA

Where did grouse originate?

equal

Numbers of grouse species, endemic species, and genera are ____ in NA & Eurasia

parallel

Grouse and quail ahve _________ patterns of diversification

arid

Both grouse and quail are ____ adapted and can be found in forests

rock

Which ptarmigan occurs in the northern tundra (high arctic)?

willow

Which ptarmigan occurs in the northern tundra (lower arctic)?

white-tailed

Which ptarmigan occurs in the western alpine?

dusky & sooty

Which 2 grouse occur in the western conifer?

spruce

Which grouse occurs in the northern boreal forest?

sage

Which grouse occurs in the interior grassland?

gambel’s

Which quail occurs in the western desert (Sonoran)?

mountain

Which quail occurs in the western temperate?

northern bobwhite

Which quail occurs in the eastern woodland?

ca

Which quail occurs in the western chaparral?

scaled

Which quail occurs in the southern desert (Chihuahuan)?

montezuma

Which quail occurs in the south-eastern pine-oak?