16 c Italian High Renaissance/Mannerism

High Renaissance significance

conceptual harmony (desegno) and balance, shifting from flatness to a sculptural handling of masses

High Renaissance period

16 century

High Renaissance beliefs

artist as divine genius, maneira/technical mastery as divine power

High Renaissance context

Rome and Florence under Popes, art served Church

Mannerism significance

departure from Renaissance balance toward deliberate artifice and complexity

mannerism period

16 century

mannerism beliefs

beauty for beauty’s sake, virtuosity over naturalism; figura serpentinata (twisting figures) and elongated limbs

mannerism context

deaths of Leonardo and Raphael, commissioned for elite private chapels, princely court

venetian renaissance significance

colorito (paint application/vibrant color) and poesia over disegno

venetian renaissance period

16 century

venetian renaissance beliefs

natural beauty, poetry of senses, and human pleasures

venetian renaissance context

major port, unique pigments and the perfection of oil on canvas

artist/title

Leonardo da Vinci, Mona Lisa

significance

revolutionized portraiture with sfumato (hazy) and subject's direct engagement with viewer

artist/title

Leonardo da Vinci, Vitruvian Man

significance

proportions of human body are source of universal architectural harmony

artist/title

Leonardo da Vinci, Central-plan church project

significance

Renaissance harmony through balanced design, sculptural architecture, and unified spatial clarity

artist/title

Leonardo Da Vinci, The Fetus and Lining of the Uterus

significance

art as a scientific tool to explore fundamental mysteries of life

artist/title

Leonardo da Vinci, Madonna of the Rocks

significance

chiaroscuro and sfumato to unify a pyramidal figure grouping within environment

artist/title

Leonardo da Vinci, Madonna and Child with Saint Anne and the Infant Saint John

significance

Uses disegno, pyramidal composition, and gestures for emotion within a unified family

artist/title

Leonardo da Vinci, Last Supper

significance

balance, Christ as emotional/mathematical focal point w human reactions

artist/title

raphael, marriage of the virgin

significance

Christ delivering keys to saint peter, clarity and harmony, integration of figures into space

artist/title

raphael, madonna in the meadows

significance

grazia (sweetness of expression) and pyramidal composition

artist/title

raphael, philosophy school of athens

significance

humanism and classical philosophy in ordered space

artist/title

raphael, baldassare castiglione

significance

ideal Renaissance courtier through soft light and psychological depth

artist/title

Michelangelo, Pieta

significance

beauty/sorrow through perfect, idealized forms of Christ/Virgin

artist/title

michelangelo, david

significance

before Goliath, heroic potential of human spirit through muscular, classical form

artist/title

michelangelo, sistine chapel interior

significance

colossal feat of disegno, biblical cycles humanizing divine through classicizing sculptural figures in complex poses

artist/title

michelangelo, sistine chapel ceiling

artist/title

michelangelo, creation of adam (sistine chapel)

significance

classical and Christian traditions using dynamic diagonal as soul's divine spark

artist/title

michelangelo, fall of man (sistine chapel)

significance

wmulates Masaccio using idealized physiques and psychological torment

artist/title

Jacopo da Pontormo, Entombment of Christ

significance

mannerist rejection of Renaissance balance for a crowded, swirling composition and acidic colors

artist/title

Parmigianino, Self-Portrait in a Convex Mirror

significance

playful display of virtuosity/ visual distortion challenging traditional perception

artist/title

parmigianino, madonna with long neck

significance

Mannerist artifice, courtly wit through distorted proportions and elongated figures as courtly refinement

artist/title

Bronzino, Venus, Cupid, Folly, and Times

significance

complex, erotic painting designed for intellectual elite of Medici court

artist/title

Giambologna, Abduction of the Sabine Women

significance

Laocoon, Mannerist (figura serpentinata, 360 view), showcase artist ability

artist/title

Giovanni Bellini, Madonna and Child with Saints (San Zaccaria Altarpiece)

significance

Venetian mastery of color/light with High Renaissance structural balance

artist/title

giovani bellini, feast of the gods

significance

Venetian colorito, Olympian gods as peasants within an idyllic Arcadian landscape

artist/title

Giorgione de Castelfranco, The Tempest

significance

Venetian poesia, atmosphere/mood over clear narrative

artist/title

titian, pastoral symphony

significance

Venetian poesia through rich colorito, enigmatic, lyrical mood within a pastoral paradise

artist/title

titian, assumption of the virgin

significance

Venetian colorito painting as monumental w dynamic movement

artist/title

titian, venus of urbino

significance

standard for reclining female nude in Western art, emphasizes sensory texture and rich color

artist/title

Tintoretto, Last Supper

significance

dynamic, diagonal perspectives and mystical light as move toward Baroque spiritual drama

artist/title

Andrea Palladio, Villa Rotunda (Vicenza)

significance

mathematical symmetry, classical temple fronts to domestic architecture