Monitoring anesthesia

How often should anesthetic parameters be recorded

Every 5 minutes 

: Name 3 basic monitoring techniques. 

Observation, palpation, auscultation 

What is a key rule when using monitoring equipment? 

Never rely on a single device 

What are the “Fab Four” anesthesia complications? 

Hypothermia, hypotension, hypoventilation, hypoxemia 

What is hypoxemia? 

Low oxygen in arterial blood 

What does oxygenation ensure? 

Adequate oxygen in arterial blood 

Name 2 ways to monitor oxygenation. 

Pulse oximetry, mucous membrane color 

What is ventilation? 

Movement of air in and out of lungs 

What is a simple way to assess ventilation? 

Observe chest movement 

What does SpO₂ measure? 

Hemoglobin oxygen saturation 

Normal SpO₂ range?

95–100% 

When does hypoxia occur? 

<90% 

Where can a pulse ox probe be placed? 

Tongue, ear, toe web, tail 

what is capnography 

Monitors CO2 breathed in and out,. Two types of monitors- Mainstream, Side stream. Displays graph and number mmHg, At inspiration CO2 should be close to zero 

What does capnography measure? 

CO₂ levels (EtCO₂) 

Normal EtCO₂ range? 

35–45 mmHg 

What is hypercapnia? 

EtCO₂ >45 mmHg 

What is hypocapnia? 

EtCO₂ <35 mmHg 

What is the best indicator of perfusion? 

MAP

Ideal MAP

≥60 mmHg 

Formula for BP? 

SVR × CO 

Tachycardia in cats?

>200 bpm 

Bradycardia in cats? 

<100 bpm 

Two noninvasive BP methods? 

Doppler, oscillometric 

What does Doppler measure

Systolic BP 

What does oscillometric measure? 

Systolic, diastolic, MAP 

Normal CRT? 

1–2 seconds 

Normal urine output? 

1–2 mL/kg/hr 

What does CVP ( centrak Venous pressure) assess

Blood return to heart 

Normal CVP? 

<8mmHg

What reflex helps assess anesthetic depth? 

Palpebral reflex 

What happens to lacrimation with deeper anesthesia

Decreases 

Eye position in stage II? 

Central/eccentric (looking at chin) 

Eye position in stage III? 

Ventromedial (rolled down) 

Name 2 additional reflexes monitored. 

Pedal, swallowing 

What does blood gas analysis measure? 

Oxygen, CO₂, and pH 

What happens to CO₂ during inspiration? 

Near zero

What causes rebreathing? 

Exhausted CO₂ absorber 

What does ECG monitor? 

Heart rate and rhythm 

Most common ECG lead used?

Lead II

What is ventricular fibrillation? 

No effective contractions or cardiac output 

What is asystole? 

No electrical activity (flatline) 

What drugs are used in arrest?   

Epinephrine, atropine 

What does muscle tone indicate

Depth of anesthesia 

What is hypothermia? 

Heat loss > production 

Common cause of hypothermia? 

Anesthesia-induced vasodilation 

What drugs can cause hyperthermia? 

Ketamine, isoflurane 

When should ET tube be removed? 

When swallowing reflex returns 

What should be given before extubation? 

100% oxygen