Day 1

What is the dosage effect?

The difference in antibody reaction strength due to the quantity of the RBC antigen

• Heterozygous cells express the antigen weaker than the homozygous

What are the 4 reagent?

1) RBC w/ known antigens

2) Antisera w/ known antibodies

3) Antiglobulin reagent: anti-IgG and/or complement

4) Potentiator to enhance antibodies

What is the difference between polyclonal antibody and monoclonal antibody?

Poly is made from any different B cells and can recognize multiple epitopes while Mono is from 1 B cell clone and only recognizes 1 epitope

What is the forward typing looking for?

The antigens on the RBC

What is the phase used for forward reaction?

Immediate -spin (IS) phase

Why is D antigen so important?

Due to its increased immunogenicity

• aka its high ability to make anybody against it if exposed to it

Which immunoglobulin does DAT check for and what reagent helps it combine together?

IgG in vivo; AHG reagent

What is IAT testing for?

Detect IgG or complement bound to RBC in vitro

• 2 step procedures (incubate the rbcs so they combine and then check LMFAO)

What is the characteristics of Bovine serum albumin?

Allow antibody-sensitized cells to become closer together than is possible with saline

• Favors direct agglutination w/ Rh antibodies

• Enhances sensitivity of the IAT

What is A1 phenotype specific lectin?

Dolichos biflorus

What is H specific lectin?

Ulex europaeus

What is the N specific antigen?

Vicia graminae

What is M specific antigen?

Iberis amara

Way to remember lectins?

• ABCD

• HUE HUE HUE

• Grama vix said NO

• MIA

If the RBC is stuck at the top of a gel card, what reaction strength is that?

4+

If RBC are stuck at the bottom of the gel card, what is the reaction strength?

0

What is the blue mean in the hazard sign?

Health hazard

What is the red in the hazard sign?

Flammability hazard

What is the yellow in the hazard sign?

Reactivity hazard

What is the white in the hazard sign?

Special information

What is haptens?

Partial antigens that requires a carrier molecule to elicit an immune response (eg medications)

What is the epitopes?

Antigenic determinants

• aka difference in antigen

Which WBC is involved with tranfusion services?

Humoral; B-lymphocytes

Immunogenicity

How potent an antigen is that your body starts making an antibody in response (specifically a humoral or cellular immune response)

How are immune complex are held together?

Held together by noncovalent forces and contribute to the avidity (strength) of the attachment

What are antigen made up of?

Glycoproteins or glycolipids

What is antibody screen test looking for?

Alloantibodies

What is the classical pathway activated by? Alternative pathway?

Antibodies; foreign cell surface constituent (bacteria)

Why arent neonatal required to have a matching reversed typing?

Because their antibodies havent formed yet LOL

What are the 2 step to agglutination?

1) Sensitization: Antibody binds to antigen but no visible agglutination occurs

2) Lattice formation: antibody-coated cell cross-link to form visible agglutination

Does IgG have a J chain?

No

Does IgM have a J chain?

Yes