Anatomy Final Review

How many extrinsic eye muscles?

6

Name the Extrinsic Eye Muscles

1.) Superior Rectus

2.) Inferior Rectus

3.) Medial Rectus

4.) Lateral Rectus

5.) Superior Oblique - funky tendon, @ angle

6.) Inferior Oblique - @ angle

Layers of the Eye

1.) Fibrous

2.) Vascular

3.) Inner/Retina

Fibrous layer

sclera, cornea

Vascular layer

choroid, cilliary body, iris

Inner/Retina Layer

pigmented layer, neural layer with photoreceptors

What is the blind spot?

optic disk

What can be seen when looking at the eye with an ophthalmoscope?

retina, optic nerve

Lens shape for close vision

thick bulging of the lens

Lens shape for far vision

maximal flattening of lens

photo pupillary reflex

• bright light

• pupil constriction

—> protect photoreceptors

accommodation pupillary reflex

• pupil constrict for more accurate vision

frequency of a sound wave

pitch of sound

amplitude of sound wave

loudness of sound

Organ of Corti

• in the cochlear duct of cochlea

• basilar membrane, hair/stereocilia, tectorial membrane

• tectorial membrane pushes on hairs → signal send to auditory nerve

photoreceptors

light receptors

chemoreceptors

olfaction (smell), gustation (taste)

mechanoreceptors

balance, touch (somatosensorial), pressure

thermoreceptors

temperature

static equilibrium

• where is my head in space

• utricle and saccule

• macula : otolith crystals that move with gravity

dynamic equilibrium

• angle and rotations

• crista ampullaris - base of each canal

• cupula with gel encased hair

An odorant must be …

dissolved and volatile

circumvalate papillae

• make a v shape at back of tongue

linguinal papilla

behind circumvallate

foliate papillae

• grooves

• side of tongue

filiform papillae

• apex, most anterior

fungiform papillae

• most common of tongue

aqueous humor

anterior

• cornea to lens

vitreous humor

posterior, behind lens

• pressure and shape of eye

Arrangement of muscle fibers

superficial to deep

• muscle

• fascicle

• muscle cells/fibers

• myofibril

• sarcomere

epimysium

tissue that surrounds entire muscle

perimysium

fibrous connective tissue that surrounds fascicle

endomysium

aereolar tissue that surrounds muscle fiber

functional unit of skeletal muscle

sarcomeres

excitability

ability to respond to stimuli

contractability

ability to shorten/contract

extensibility

ability to be stretched

sliding filament model

sarcomere contraction of myosin and actin binding

• Ca is needed to bind with troponin, which moves tropomyosin so myosin can bind to actin and pull Z bands together

Calcium for muscle contraction

needed to bind to troponin on actin

• then myosin can bind to actin

cross bridge

where actin and myosin bind

sarcoplasmic reticulum

surrounds each myofibril

• stores and releases calcium for contraction

t tubules

form triad with two SR cisterns

• carry impulses deep into muscle

Activation

brain to sarcolemma

• AP arrives at neuromuscular junction

• ACH is released

• depolarizing of sarcolemma → AP in sarcolemma

Excitation Coupling

AP travels through sarcolemma

myosin and actin bonding occur at cross bridges

power stroke

myosin pulls actin

How is creatine phosphate used within the muscle cells?

• rapid energy source for muscle contraction

• phosphate is donated for ATP

do muscles pull or push?

pull and contract

recruitment of muscle fibers

• activation of muscle fibers

• multiple motor unit summation

size principle : smallest muscle fibers recruited first to save energy

anaerobic contraction of muscles

glycolysis - no oxygen required

• pyruvic acid —> lactic acid that builds up

prime movers

primary moving

antagonist muscles

working opposite of prime movers

synergists

stabilize prime movers

isotonic movement

muscle contracts and moves

isometric movement

muscle contracts but does not move

skeleton in contraction

bones are levers

first class lever

• normal

• fulcrum between load and effort

• seesaw

second class lever

• load between fulcrum and effort

• wheelbarrow, standing on toes

third class lever

• effort between load and fulcrum

• shovel, bicep curl

Respiratory system functions

• inhalation of O2

• exhalation of CO2

• gas exchange into blood

main site of gas exchange

alveoli

inhalation

• diaphragm and intercostal muscle contract

• diaphragm downwards

• intercostals upward

• volume increases, pressure decreases

• air comes in

exhalation

passive process

• muscles all relax

• volume decreases

• air goes out

respiratory capacity

• persons size

• sex

• age

• physical condition

tidal volume

normal volume expired and inspired with each breath

expiratory reserve volume

amount that can be forcibly exhaled

inspiratory reserve volume

amount that can be forcibly inhaled

respiratory control centers

• medulla : basic rhythm

• pons : smooths medullas rhythm

movements of gases

• diffusion from high to low concentrations

oxyhemoglobin

oxygen attaches to hemoglobin

deoxyhemoglobin

hemoglobin that has released its O2

functions of blood

• protection : wbc, clotting

• regulation : pH, fluid volume, temperature

• distribution : O2, CO2, wastes

Red blood cell percentage in the blood

55%

pH of blood

7.35-7.45

hemoglobin

• 4 globin proteins with a heme pigment each

• oxygen binds to central iron in heme pigment

• 1 hemoglobin carries 4 O2’s

dark blood

deoxygenated

bright blood

oxygenated

blood typing

• looking for coagulation of blood with specific antibodies

Antigen

protein found on blood cell

• denotes blood type

antibody

• anti type of the blood cell

• produced to prevent mixing of blood types

ex.) type B blood produces anti A antibodies

platelet formation

hemopoietic stem cell →megakaryocyte → platelet fragments

myocardium

middle layer of heart

• muscular layer

cardiac output

total volume pumped in a minute

• normal = 6,000

• HR x SV

heart rate

beats per minute

stroke volume

volume output on each beat

“lub” “dub”

lub: tri and bicuspid valves

d

ventricular filling

• bi and tricuspid valves open

• atrium contract

why is the left ventricle thicker?

has to pump blood further into body

cardiac muscle

• intercalated disks

• interbranching

• work as one single unit

• aerobic respiration

• automatic

• long absolute refractory period

pathway of blood

body → vena cava → right atrium → tricuspid valve →right ventricle→ pulmonary valve → pulmonary arteries→ lungs→ pulmonary veins →left atrium→ bicuspid valve→ left ventricle→ aortic valve →aorta

veins

blood towards the heart

valves

lower blood pressure

large lumens

arteries

carry blood away from heart

pulmonary circuit

• shorter circuit

• lower pressure to the lungs

systemic circuit

• long, higher pressure

• to the body

coronary circuit

functional blood supply to heart

exchange of stuff

capillaries

Elastic arteries

• elastin for stretch and recoil

• handles high pressure from aorta

• large lumen for little resistance

Muscular arteries

• smooth muscle tissue

• flow into body organs

• vasoconstriction

arterioles

• control blood flow into capillaries

• teeny tiny

velocity of blood

changes as it travels through vessels

• fastest in arteries

• slows at capillaries

• increases in veins again

pulse rate factors

• sex, age, gender, exercise

• hormones, ions

• autonomic regulation